Resumo
Este artigo discute a implementação do Programa de Ajuste Estrutural (PAE) no Malawi, com foco em seus impactos sobre os meios de subsistência da classe trabalhadora e das pessoas pobres. O SAP foi imposto pelo Banco Mundial (BM) e pelo Fundo Monetário Internacional (FMI), a partir de 1981, para recuperar uma economia em crise por meio de medidas de austeridade econômica e para promover o desenvolvimento sustentável. Este artigo discute criticamente os principais efeitos do PAE no longo prazo, analisando em particular os efeitos sobre a taxa de desemprego, a queda dos salários reais, o baixo padrão de vida dos malauienses e a insegurança alimentar. A análise se baseia em dados do National Statistical Office para o período de 1981 a 2022 e em uma revisão da literatura sobre SAPs no Malawi. O artigo argumenta que a implementação dos PAEs não protegeu os trabalhadores assalariados nem melhorou as condições de vida dos pobres, mas exacerbou a espiral descendente da economia e do padrão de vida dos cidadãos do Malawi. E defende que as diretrizes da política de desenvolvimento não devem ocultar as relações de poder que agravam os males sociais e econômicos, mas devem ser transparentes e direcionadas para resolver problemas econômicos dos países em desenvolvimento, proteger a classe trabalhadora e melhorar as condições de vida das pessoas pobres.
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