Palavras-chave
Austeridade econômica
Meios de subsistência - Malawi
Como Citar
Resumo
Este artigo discute a implementação do Programa de Ajuste Estrutural (PAE) no Malawi, com foco em seus impactos sobre os meios de subsistência da classe trabalhadora e das pessoas pobres. O SAP foi imposto pelo Banco Mundial (BM) e pelo Fundo Monetário Internacional (FMI), a partir de 1981, para recuperar uma economia em crise por meio de medidas de austeridade econômica e para promover o desenvolvimento sustentável. Este artigo discute criticamente os principais efeitos do PAE no longo prazo, analisando em particular os efeitos sobre a taxa de desemprego, a queda dos salários reais, o baixo padrão de vida dos malauienses e a insegurança alimentar. A análise se baseia em dados do National Statistical Office para o período de 1981 a 2022 e em uma revisão da literatura sobre SAPs no Malawi. O artigo argumenta que a implementação dos PAEs não protegeu os trabalhadores assalariados nem melhorou as condições de vida dos pobres, mas exacerbou a espiral descendente da economia e do padrão de vida dos cidadãos do Malawi. E defende que as diretrizes da política de desenvolvimento não devem ocultar as relações de poder que agravam os males sociais e econômicos, mas devem ser transparentes e direcionadas para resolver problemas econômicos dos países em desenvolvimento, proteger a classe trabalhadora e melhorar as condições de vida das pessoas pobres.
Referências
African Development Bank Group (ADBG) (2021). Malawi Economic Outlook 2021. https://www.afdb.org/en/documents/african-economic-outlook-2021
African Union (2006). The Livingstone call for action. Intergovernmental Regional Conference on a transformative agenda for the 21st century: Examining the case for basic social protection in Africa. Livingstone, Zambia. https://www.helpage.org/silo/files/a-transformative-agenda-for-the-21st-century-examining-the-case-for-basic-social-protection-in-africa.pdf
Babb, S., & Kentikelenis, A. (2018). International financial institutions as agents of neoliberalism. In D. Cahill, et al. (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of neoliberalism (pp. 16-27). SAGE Publications.
Booth, D., Cammack, D., Harrigan, J., Kanyongolo, E., Mataure, M., & Ngwira, N. (2006). Drivers of change and development in Malawi. [ODI Working Paper, N. 261], Overseas Development Institute, London, United Kingdom. https://odi.org/en/publications/drivers-of-change-and-development-in-malawi/
Chagunda, C. (2021). Development Aid, democracy and sustainable development in Malawi: 1964 to date. Cadernos de Estudos Africanos, 41, 145–164. https://doi.org/10.4000/cea.6446
Chagunda, C. (2014). South Africa’s social assistance intervention as a building block of a developmental State. (PhD Thesis in Social Development), University of Cape Town, South Africa. https://open.uct.ac.za/handle/11427/8691
Chilowa, W. (1998). The Iimpact of agriculture liberalisation on food security in Malawi. Food Policy, 23(6), 553–569. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0306-9192(98)00062-1
Chinsinga, B., & Poulton, C. (2014). Beyond technocratic debates: The significance and transience of political incentives on the Malawi Farm Input Subsidy Programme (FISP). Development Policy Review, 32(s2), s123–s150. https://doi.org/10.1111/dpr.12079
Chinsinga, B., & O’Brien, A. (2008). Planting ideas: How agricultural subsidies are working in Malawi. Africa Research Institute.
Cornia G. A., Jolly, R., & Stewart, F. (1987). Adjustment with a human face Vol. I: Protecting the Vulnerable and Promoting Growth. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Devereux, S. (1997). Household food security in Malawi. [IDS Discussion Paper, N. 362]. Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex, United Kingdom. https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/handle/20.500.12413/13880?show=full
Eidhammer, A. (2017). Malawi: A place apart. ABC Printers.
Essential Group. (2000). Malawi: Privatization and utility reform project (Vol. 1). Essential Action, Malawi Structural Adjustment and Labour. https://www.essentialaction.org/labor_report/malawi.html
Frankenberger, T., Luther, K., Fox, K., & Mazzeo J. (2003). Livelihood erosion through time: Macro and micro factors that influenced livelihood trends in Malawi over the last 30 years. CARE (SWARMU). https://reliefweb.int/report/malawi/livelihood-erosion-through-time-macro-and-micro-factors-influenced-livelihood-trends
Gilbert, N., & Specht, H. (1974). Dimensions of social welfare policy. Prentice-Hall.
Government of Malawi (2009). Welfare Monitoring Survey (WMS) 2009. Agriculture Statistics Division of the National Statistical Office. http://www.nsomalawi.mw/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=48&Itemid=56
Government of Malawi (2021). Malawi Poverty Report 2020. National Statistical Office. https://microdata.worldbank.org/index.php/catalog/3818/download/51154
Government of Malawi, & United Nations (1993). Malawi: Situation analysis of poverty. United Nations in Malawi.
Hama, S., & Seekings, J. (2017). Social protection, electoral competition, and political branding in Malawi. [Wider Working Paper, N. 2017/99], United Nations University, World Institute for Development Economics Research (UNU-WIDER). https://www.wider.unu.edu/publication/social-protection-electoral-competition-and-political-branding-malawi
Harrigan, J. (2001). From dictatorship to democracy: Economic policy in Malawi 1964-2000. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315204758
Harrigan, J. (2003). U-Turns and full circles: Two decades of agricultural reform in Malawi 1981-2000. World Development, 31(5), 847–863. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(03)00019-6
Harvard Institute for International Development (HIID) (1994). Fertilizer policy study market structure, prices and fertilizer use by smallholder maize farmers. HIID.
Headey, D. (2011). Turning economic growth into nutrition-sensitive growth. [2020 Conference Brief 6], International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). https://www.ifpri.org/publication/turning-economic-growth-nutrition-sensitive-growth-1
International Monetary Fund (IMF) (2017). Malawi: Economic Development Document. [IMF Country Report No. 2017/184], Washington, D.C. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/CR/Issues/2017/07/05/Malawi-Economic-Development-Document-45037
Ismi, A. (2004). Impoverishing a continent: The World Bank and the IMF in Africa. Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives; Halifax Initiative Coalition. https://policyalternatives.ca/sites/default/files/uploads/publications/National_Office_Pubs/africa.pdf
Jarso, J. (2011). Structural adjustment of WB and IMF in Sub-Saharan Africa: Structural adjustment program of World Bank (WB) and International Monetary (IMF) Fund in Sub-Saharan Africa does it working? Lambert Academic Publishing (LAP).
Kentikelenis, A. E., Stubbs, T. H., & King, L. P. (2016). IMF conditionality and development policy space, 1985–2014. Review of International Political Economy, 23(4), 543–582. https://doi.org/10.1080/09692290.2016.1174953
Mabomba, A. C. (2012). Examining Malawi’s administrative reform and its impact on service delivery. (Thesis, Master in Public Administration), University of Fort Hare, Malawi. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1001249
Malawi National Food Reserve Agency (NFRA) (2021). National Food Reserve Agency: Adequate reserves for Malawi. https://www.nframw.com
Malawi National Statistical Office (2017). Malawi Demographic and Health Survey 2015-16. NSO; ICF. https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR319/FR319.pdf
Malawi National Vulnerability Assessment Committee (2002). Malawi emergency food security assessment report. NVAC. https://sarpn.org/documents/d0000046/MALAWI_Emergency_Assessment_Report.pdf
Maliro, D. D. (2011). Comparison of agricultural input subsidies and social cash transfers as policies for reducing vulnerability to hunger in Malawi. (PhD Thesis), School of International Development, University of East Anglia, United Kingdom. https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/id/eprint/33332/
Marphatia A. A. (2010). The adverse effects of international monetary fund programs on the health and education workforce. International Journal of Health Services, 40(1), 165–78. https://doi.org/10.2190/HS.40.1.j
Miller, C. M., Tsoka, M., & Reichert, K. (2010). Targeting cash to Malawi's ultra-poor: A mixed methods evaluation. Development Policy Review, 28(4), 481–502. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7679.2010.00493.x
Mkandawire, T. (2005). Targeting and universalism in poverty reduction. [Social Policy and Development Paper, No. 23], United Nations Research Institute for Social Development (UNRISD). https://socialprotection.gov.bd/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Targeting-and-Universalism.pdf
Mmana, D. (2021, September 23). Report exposes poverty in Malawi. The Times. Times News. https://times.mw/report-exposes-poverty-in-malawi
National Planning Commission (NPC) (2020). Malawi’s Vision 2063: An inclusively wealthy and self-reliant nation. https://www.businessmalawi.com/files/Malawi-2063.pdf
National Statistical Office (2015). Malawi MDG Endline Survey (MES) 2014. http://www.nsomalawi.mw/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=210&Itemid=105
Ng’ong’ola, D. H. (1996). Analysis of policy reform and structural adjustment programs in Malawi, with emphasis on agriculture and trade. Bureau for Africa, USAID.
O’Connor, N. (2018). Economic inequality, social policy, and a good society. Local Economy, 33(6), 586–600. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269094218802987
Shaba, W. G. (2012). Social protection in Malawi. In T. Kalusopa, R. Dicks, & C. Osei-Boateng (Eds.), Social protection in Africa (pp. 215-265). African Labour Research Network.
The World Bank in Malawi (2022). The World Bank Group supports Malawi’s efforts to reduce poverty and promote economic growth by working with the government, development partners, and civil society. https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/malawi/overview#1
Wood B., Nelson, C., Kilic, T., & Murray, S. (2013). Up in smoke? Agricultural commercialization, rising food prices and stunting in Malawi. [Policy Research Working Paper N. 6650], World Bank. https://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/abs/10.1596/1813-9450-6650
World Bank (2007). Malawi: Social Protection Status Report. Sustainable Development Network, AFTCS. http://hdl.handle.net/10986/7579
World Bank (2022). The World Bank Group and the International Monetary Fund (IMF). https://www.worldbank.org/en/about/history/the-world-bank-group-and-the-imf
Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2022 Chance Chagunda
