Resumen
Cuestiones relacionadas con el clima y la biodiversidad han movilizado un conjunto de conocimientos científicos e institucionales sobre el medio ambiente. Tanto el Panel Intergubernamental sobre Cambio Climático (IPCC) como la Plataforma Intergubernamental sobre Biodiversidad y Servicios Ecosistémicos (IPBES), a pesar de reconocer la importancia de los diálogos interdisciplinarios y de estar abiertos a la participación diversa - por ejemplo, en materia de género - fueron diseñados como paneles neutrales de expertos. La configuración de estos espacios dificulta la representatividad, inclusión y participación efectiva de diferentes intereses y visiones en los espacios de toma de decisiones. Destacamos la importancia de cuestionar esta neutralidad y discutir las relaciones de poder que permean los temas ambientales y científicos, a través de las perspectivas de Ciencia, Tecnología y Sociedad (CTS) y de la Ecología Política. Nuestro objetivo es evaluar la inclusión del género dentro de los paneles, analizando las similitudes y diferencias, a partir de los Estudios de Género en CTS y la Ecología Política Feminista (EPF). La participación de las mujeres se analiza cuantitativa y cualitativamente en relación con la composición de los paneles, su posicionamiento en las estructuras jerárquicas y las políticas específicas de equidad de género. También se analizan las relaciones desiguales entre los miembros del Norte y del Sur Global. Se destacan las limitaciones de la participación y la imposición del consenso, la subvaloración e instrumentalización del conocimiento, y las limitaciones de diseño de los paneles como herramientas para salvaguardar o promover la autonomía. Esperamos avanzar en la identificación de superposiciones y complementariedades entre la EPF y los Estudios de Género en CTS, destacando que las perspectivas feministas permiten otros enfoques de los problemas, que superan la visión esencialista del otro y reconociendo posibilidades más allá del determinismo tecnocientífico.
Citas
AGRAWALA, Shardul. Context and Early Origins of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Climatic Change, v. 39, n. 4, p. 605–620, 1998. DOI: 10.1023/A:1005315532386.
ALIMONDA, Héctor. Ecología política latinoamericana y pensamiento crítico: vanguardias arraigadas. Desenvolvimento e Meio Ambiente, v. 35, p. 161-168, 2015. DOI: 10.5380/dma.v35i0.44557. Disponível em: http://revistas.ufpr.br/made/article/view/44557. Acesso em: 15 jun. 2021.
ARORA-JONSSON, Seema. Virtue and vulnerability: Discourses on women, gender and climate change. Global Environmental Change, v. 21, n. 2, p. 744–751, 2011. DOI: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2011.01.005.
BECK, Ulrich. World at Risk. 1a edição. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2009.
BECK, Ulrich. How climate change might save the world: Metamorphosis. Harvard Design Magazine, n. 39, p. 88–98, 2014.
BJURSTRÖM, Andreas; POLK, Merritt. Physical and economic bias in climate change research: a scientometric study of IPCC Third Assessment Report. Climatic Change, v. 108, n. 1, p. 1–22, 2011. DOI: 10.1007/s10584-011-0018-8.
BRYANT, Raymond L. Power, knowledge and political ecology in the third world: a review. Progress in Physical Geography, v. 22, n. 1, p. 79–94, 1998. DOI: 10.1177/030913339802200104.
CLEMENT, Floriane; HARCOURT, Wendy; JOSHI, Deepa; SATO, Chizu. Feminist political ecologies of the commons and commoning (Editorial to the Special Feature). International Journal of the Commons, v. 13, n. 1, p. 1–15, 2019. DOI: 10.18352/ijc.972.
DADOS, Nour; CONNELL, Raewyn. The global south. Contexts, v. 11, n. 1, p. 12-13. 2012. https://doi.org/10.1177/1536504212436479.
DÍAZ, Sandra et al. Assessing nature’s contributions to people. Science, v. 359, n. 6373, p. 270–272, 2018. DOI: 10.1126/science.aap8826.
ELMHIRST, Rebecca. Introducing new feminist political ecologies. Geoforum, v. 42, n. 2, p. 129–132, 2011. DOI: 10.1016/j.geoforum.2011.01.006.
ESCOBAR, Arturo. Autonomía y diseño: la realización de lo comunal. 1ª edição. Popayán: Editorial Universidad del Cauca, 2016.
FACHIN, Patricia. A guerra dos mundos à brasileira: “Precisamos abandonar a pretensão de pautas unificadas”. Entrevista especial com Marcos de Almeida Matos. Instituto Humanitas Unisinos, 2021. Disponível em: https://bit.ly/2ZakK04. Acesso em: 19 ago. 2021.
FEENBERG, Andrew. Critical Theory of Technology: An Overview. Tailoring Biotechnologies, v. 1, n. 1, p. 47–64, 2005.
FRASER, Nancy. Scales of Justice: reimagining political space in a globalizing world. New York: Columbia University Press, 2010.
GAY-ANTAKI, Miriam; LIVERMAN, Diana. Climate for women in climate science: Women scientists and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, v. 115, n. 9, p. 2060–2065, 2018. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1710271115.
GIDDENS, Anthony. The politics of climate change. Cambridge; Malden: Polity, 2009.
GROSSMANN, Kristina; HAUG, Michaela. Gender and environmental change: recent debates and new perspectives in anthropological research. Antropologia, v. 5, n. 1, p. 7–21, 2018. DOI: 10.14672/ada201813847-21.
HARDING, Sandra G. The science question in feminism. Ithaca; London: Cornell University Press, 1986.
HARDING, Sandra. Whose science? Whose knowledge?. Ithaca; London: Cornell University Press, 2016.
IPBES. Functions, operating principles and institutional arrangements of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. Panama City: IPBES. 2012. Disponível em: https://ipbes.net/document-library-catalogue/functions-operating-principles-and-institutional-arrangements. Acesso em: 11 nov. 2022.
IPBES. Procedure For Receiving And Prioritizing Requests Put To The Platform. Panama City: IPBES. Disponível em: https://ipbes.net/sites/default/files/downloads/Procedure%20for%20receiving%20and%20prioritizing%20requests%20put%20to%20the%20Platform_2013.pdf. Acesso em: 18 out. 2022.
IPBES. IPBES Guide on the production of assessments. Bonn: Secretariat of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, 2018. Disponível em: https://ipbes.net/sites/default/files/180719_ipbes_assessment_guide_report_hi-res.pdf. Acesso em: 09 jan. 2023.
IPBES. Summary for policymakers of the global assessment report on biodiversity and ecosystem services. Bonn: Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, 2019. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3553579
IPBES. Report of the Plenary of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services on the work of its eighth session. Bonn: Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. 2021. Disponível em: https://ipbes.net/sites/default/files/2021-09/ipbes_8_11_report_of_the_plenary_en.pdf. Acesso em: 15 jun. 2022.
IPBES. IPBES rolling work programme up to 2030. Bonn: Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. 2022. Disponível em: https://www.ipbes.net/work-programme. Acesso em: 20 fev. 2023.
IPCC. Website oficial, 2021a. Disponível em: https://www.ipcc.ch/. Acesso em: 20 out. 2021.
IPCC. About Gender, 2021b. Disponível em: https://www.ipcc.ch/about/gender/. Acesso em: 20 out. 2021.
KOETZ, Thomas; FARRELL, Katharine N.; BRIDGEWATER, Peter. Building better science-policy interfaces for international environmental governance: assessing potential within the Intergovernmental Platform for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics, v. 12, n. 1, p. 1–21, 2012. DOI: 10.1007/s10784-011-9152-z.
LAVE, Rebecca. Bridging Political Ecology and STS: A Field Analysis of the Rosgen Wars. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, v. 102, n. 2, p. 366–382, 2012. DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2011.641884.
MACGREGOR, Sherilyn. ‘Gender and climate change’: from impacts to discourses. Journal of the Indian Ocean Region, v. 6, n. 2, p. 223–238, 2010. DOI: 10.1080/19480881.2010.536669.
MACGREGOR, Sherilyn. Moving beyond impacts: More answers to the ‘gender and climate change’ question. In: BUCKINGHAM, Susan; MASSON, Virginie Le (org.). Understanding climate change through gender relations. Routledge studies in hazards, disaster risk, and climate change. London; New York: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, 2017. p. 15–30.
MAGNUSDOTTIR, Gunnhildur Lily; KRONSELL, Annica. The (In)Visibility of Gender in Scandinavian Climate Policy-Making. International Feminist Journal of Politics, v. 17, n. 2, p. 308–326, 2015. DOI: 10.1080/14616742.2014.896661.
MARTIN, Adrian; COOLSAET, Brendan; CORBERA, Esteve; DAWSON, Neil M.; FRASER, James A.; LEHMANN, Ina; IOKIÑE, Rodriguez. Justice and conservation: The need to incorporate recognition. Biological Conservation, v. 197, p. 254–261, 2016.
MILLER, Clark A. Climate Science and the Making of a Global Political Order. In: SHEILA, Jasanoff (org.). States of Knowledge. 1ª edição. London; New York: Routledge, 2004. p. 22.
NEIMARK, Benjamin; CHILDS, John; NIGHTINGALE, Andrea J.; CAVANAGH, Connor Joseph; SULLIVAN, Sian; BENJAMINSEN, Tor A.; BATTERBURY, Simon; KOOT, Stasja; HARCOURT, Wendy. Speaking Power to “Post-Truth”: Critical Political Ecology and the New Authoritarianism. Annals of the American Association of Geographers, v. 109, n. 2, p. 613–623, 2019. DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2018.1547567.
NHAMO, Godwell; NHAMO, Senia. Gender and Geographical Balance: With a Focus on the UN Secretariat and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Gender Questions, v. 5, n. 1, 2018. DOI: 10.25159/2412-8457/2520.
OBENG-ODOOM, F. The Commons in an Age of Uncertainty: Decolonizing Nature, Economy, and Society. Toronto; Buffalo; London: University of Toronto Press, 2020.
PALÁCIOS, E. M. G.; LINSINGEN, I. V. (Org.). Introdução aos estudos CTS (Ciência, Tecnologia e Sociedade). Natal: Cadernos de Ibero-América, 2003.
PESCHE, D. et al. IPBES mandate and governance. The Intergovernmental platform on biodiversity and ecosystem service (IPBES): Challenges, knowledge and actors. Working paper hal-01400402. Lyon: Centre pour la communication scientifique directe. 2016. Disponível em: https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01400402. Acesso em: 03 mai. 2022.
PISA, P. F. et al. Net Report to IPBES 8 Stakeholder Day. 2021. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.34349.97764.
RESURRECCIÓN, Bernadette P. Gender and environment from ‘women, environment and development’ to feminist political ecology. In: MACGREGOR, Sherilyn (org.). Routledge Handbook of Gender and Environment. Oxon: Routledge, 2017. p. 71–85.
ROCHELEAU, Dianne et al. (Orgs.). Feminist Political Ecology: Global Issues and Local Experience. 1a edição. London; New York: Routledge, 1996.
SÁNCHEZ, Gloria Patricia Zuluaga. El ecofeminismo. Críticas y alternativas al desarrollo. In: ROCA-SERVAT, Denise; PERDOMO-SÁNCHEZ, Jenni (org.). La lucha por los comunes y las alternativas al desarrollo frente al extractivismo: miradas desde las ecología(s) política(s) latinoamericanas. 1ª edição. Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires: CLACSO, 2020. p. 299–312.
SARDENBERG, Cecilia M.B. Da crítica feminista à Ciência a uma Ciência Feminista?. In: COSTA, A.A.; SARDENBERG, C.M.B. (orgs.) Feminismo, Ciência e Tecnologia. V. 8. Salvador: Rede Feminista Norte e Nordeste de Estudos e Pesquisa sobre Mulher e Relações de Gênero (REDOR); Núcleo de Estudos Interdisciplinares sobre a Mulher (NEIM); Universidade Federal da Bahia. 2002.
SCOTT, Joan. Gênero uma categoria útil de análise histórica. Educação e Realidade, v. 20, n. 2, P. 71–99. 1995.
SHRESTHA, Gitta et al. Masculinities and hydropower in India: A feminist political ecology perspective. International Journal of the Commons, v. 13, n. 1, p. 130–152, 2019.
STRUCKMANN, Christiane. A postcolonial feminist critique of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development: A South African application. Agenda, v. 32, n. 1, p. 12–24, 2018. DOI: 10.1080/10130950.2018.1433362.
SVARSTAD, Hanne; BENJAMINSEN, Tor A. Reading radical environmental justice through a political ecology lens. Geoforum, v. 108, p. 1–11, 2020.
SWYNGEDOUW, Erik. Whose environment?: the end of nature, climate change and the process of post-politicization. Ambiente & Sociedade, v. 14, n. 2, p. 69–87, 2011. DOI: 10.1590/S1414-753X2011000200006.
TUMMERS, Lidewij; MACGREGOR, Sherilyn. Beyond wishful thinking: a FPE perspective on commoning, care, and the promise of co-housing. International Journal of the Commons, v. 13, n. 1, p. 62–83, 2019. DOI: 10.18352/ijc.918.
ULLOA, Astrid. Diferencias de género y etnicidad en las políticas globales-nacionales-locales de cambio climático. Crítica y Emancipación, v. 12, p. 277-229, 2014.
ULME, Mike; MAHONY, Martin. Climate change: What do we know about the IPCC? Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment, v. 34, n. 5, p. 705–718, 2010. DOI: 10.1177/0309133310373719.
VACCAREZZA, L. S. Ciencia, Tecnología y Sociedad: el estado de la cuestión en América Latina. Revist@ do Observatório do Movimento pela Tecnologia Social da América Latina, v. 1, n. 1, p. 42–64, 2011.
WAJCMAN, Judy. El Tecnofeminismo. Madrid; València: Cátedra; Universitat de València; Instituto de la Mujer, 2006.
WAJCMAN, Judy. Feminist theories of technology. Cambridge Journal of Economics, v. 34, n. 1, p. 143–152, 2010. DOI: 10.1093/cje/ben057.
YEARLEY, Steven. Nature and the Environment in Science and Technology Studies. In: HACKETT, Edward J. (org.). The Handbook of Science and Technology Studies. The MIT Press Series. 3ª edição. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2007. p. 921–948.
YEARLEY, Steven. Political, Ethical, and Societal Aspects of Issuing Warnings to Humanity. Ecocene: Cappadocia Journal of Environmental Humanities, Cappadocia University, v. 1, n. 1, p. 19–25, 2020. DOI: 10.46863/ecocene.2020.2.
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0.
Derechos de autor 2023 Lígia Amoroso Galbiati, Leticia Costa de Oliveira Santos, Niklas Werner Weins