Mots-clés
Réformes néolibérales
Inégalité des revenus
Chômage
Comment citer
Funding data
Résumé
Le Portugal et la Grèce en crise ont appliqué des programmes d'ajustement économique (2010-2018) comme condition pour recevoir des prêts de la Troïka. Tous deux comptent parmi les pays les plus pauvres et les plus inégalitaires de l'UE et leurs États-providence ont été construits récemment. Notre principal objectif de recherche est de réaliser une analyse comparative de l'impact des réformes de la politique sociale sur les dépenses publiques, le développement et les indicateurs de bien-être tels que la pauvreté, l'inégalité, le chômage, les revenus nets et l'émigration. Si les résultats diffèrent dans les deux cas, quelles en sont les raisons? Est-ce dû aux niveaux de croissance antérieurs, à des facteurs exogènes (programmes d'ajustement) ou endogènes (modèles d'État providence) ou aux gouvernements post-Troïka? Nous extrayons des informations de la littérature secondaire, des documents d'archives de l'État, des rapports d'évaluation du FMI et de la CE. Nous nous appuyons sur des ensembles de données statistiques récupérées auprès d'Eurostat. Nous constatons que composantes de l'État-providence – à savoir, le niveau de santé et le niveau d'emploi – ont été profondément affectées en Grèce et nous expliquons les processus de divergence vers un modèle universaliste.
Références
Alcidi, C., Capolongo, A., & Gros, D. (2020). Sovereign debt sustainability in Greece during the economic adjustment programmes: 2010-2018. Publications Office of the European Union. https://www.ceps.eu/ceps-publications/study-on-the-sovereign-debt-sustainability-in-greece-during-the-economic-adjustment-programmes/
Alves, S. (2015). Welfare State changes and outcomes – The cases of Portugal and Denmark from a comparative perspective. Social Policy & Administration, 49(1), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1111/spol.12075
Amaral, L. (2019). The modern Portuguese economy in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Palgrave Macmillan.
Amaral, L., Ferreira da Silva, A., & Simpson, D. (2020). A long International Monetary Fund intervention: Portugal 1975-1979. [FEUNL Working Paper Series, No. 635], Nova School of Business and Economics. https://repositorio.ul.pt/handle/10451/46949
Amnesty International (2020, April 28). Greece: Resuscitation required – The Greek health system after a decade of austerity [Έκθεση «Ανάνηψη τώρα: Το ελληνικό σύστημα υγείας μετά από μια δεκαετία λιτότητας»]. https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/eur25/2176/2020/en/
Andreotti, A., Garcia, S. M., Gomez, A., Hespanha, P., Kazepo, Y., & Mingione, E. (2001). Does a Southern European model exist? Journal of European Area Studies, 9(1), 43–62. https://doi.org/10.1080/14608460120061948
Arcanjo, M. (2011). Welfare State regimes and reforms: A classification of ten european countries in 1990 and 2006. Social Policy and Society, 10(2), 139–150. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1474746410000497
Arcanjo, M. (2012). Unemployment insurance reform – 1991-2006: A new balance between rights and obligations in France, Germany, Portugal and Spain. Social Policy & Administration, 46(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9515.2011.00810.x
Benos, A., Zdoukos, Th., & Festas, Th. (Μπένος, Α, Ζδούκος, Θ. & Φέστας, Θ.) (2020). Οι πολιτικές υγείας της κυβέρνησης ΣΥΡΙΖΑ-ΑΝΕΛ. Στο: X. Λάσκος & Δ. Παπαδάτος-Αναγνωστόπουλος (επιμ.), Ο Σύριζα στην Κυβέρνηση (2015-2019). Εκδόσεις Τόπος.
Callan, T., Leventi, C., Levy, H., Matsaganis, M., Paulus, A., & Sutherland, H. (2011). The distributional effects of austerity measures: a comparison of six EU countries. [EUROMOD Working Paper, No. EM6/11], Institute for Social and Economic Research (ISER), University of Essex. https://www.iser.essex.ac.uk/research/publications/working-papers/euromod/em6-11
Carolo, D. F., & Pereirinha, J. A. (2010). The development of the Welfare State in Portugal: trends in social expenditure between 1938 and 2003. Revista de Historia Económica - Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History, 28(3), 469–501. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0212610910000133
Charamis, P. & Kotsifakis, T. (2015). School and young people in Greece at times of crisis: the repercussions of Memorandum policies. FORUM, 57(2), 135–146. https://doi.org/10.15730/forum.2015.57.2.135
De Vries, M. G. (1985). The International Monetary Fund 1972-1978: Cooperation on trial. (Volume I: narrative and analyses). International Monetary Fund.
De Vries, M. G. (1986). The IMF in a changing world, 1945-1985. International Monetary Fund.
Diz, A. C. (1984). The conditions attached to adjustment financing: Evolution of the IMF practice. In The international monetary system: Forty years after Bretton Woods (pp. 214-235). Federal Reserve Bank of Boston [Conference Series, No. 28].
Economou, C., Kaitelidou, D., Karanikolos, M., Maresso, A., & World Health Organization. (2017). Greece: Health system review. Health Systems in Transition, 19(5), 1–166. https://eurohealthobservatory.who.int/publications/i/greece-health-system-review-2017
Eichenbaum, M., Rebelo, S., & Resende, C. (2016). The Portuguese crisis and the IMF. In M. J. Schwartz & S. Takagi (Eds.), Background papers on the IMF and the crises in Greece, Ireland, and Portugal (pp. 363-447), Independent Evaluation Office of the International Monetary Fund. https://ieo.imf.org/en/our-work/Books/Books/background-papers-for-the-imf-and-the-crises-in-greece
Esping-Andersen, G. (1990). The three worlds of welfare capitalism. Princeton University Press.
Esping-Andersen, G. (1999). Social foundations of postindustrial economies. Oxford University Press.
European Commission (2010). The Economic Adjustment Programme for Greece. [European Economy Occasional Papers, No. 61], Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs, Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. https://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/publications/occasional_paper/2010/op61_en.htm
Ferrera, M. (1996). The “Southern model” of welfare in social Europe. Journal of European Social Policy, 6(1), 17–37. https://doi.org/10.1177/095892879600600102
Ferrera, M. (2000). Reconstructing the Welfare State in Southern Europe. In S. Kuhnle (Ed.), The survival of the European Welfare State (pp. 184-200). Routledge.
Garcia, M., & Karakatsanis, N. (2006). Social policy, democracy, and citizenship in Southern Europe. In R. Gunther, P. N. Diamandourous, & D. A. Sotiropoulos (Eds.), Democracy and the state in the new southern Europe (pp. 87-134). Oxford University Press.
Hespanha, P. (2017). As reformas dos sistemas de saúde na Europa do Sul: crises e alternativas. In P. H. Rodrigues & I. Santos (Eds.), Políticas e riscos sociais no Brasil e na Europa: convergências e divergências (pp. 81-110). Hucitec Editora.
Karamessini, M. (2007). The Southern European social model: changes and continuities in recent decades. International Institute for Labour Studies (IILS-ILO). https://www.ilo.org/public/libdoc/ilo/2007/447220.pdf
Katsoridas, D. (Κατσορίδας, Δ.) (2020). Το εργατικό ζήτημα. Η σύνθεση της εργατικής τάξης στην Ελλάδα και η συνδικαλιστική της εκπροσώπηση. Ινστιτούτο Εργασίας ΓΣΕΕ. https://www.inegsee.gr/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/TO-ERGATIKO-ZHTHMA_e-book_1.pdf
Kolypera, Β. (Κολυπέρα, Β.) (2014). Οι επιπτώσεις του Μνημονίου Συνεργασίας στο Εθνικό Σύστημα Υγείας. [Master's thesis, Οικονομικά και Διοίκηση της Υγείας], Πανεπιστήμιο Πειραιώς. https://dione.lib.unipi.gr/xmlui/handle/unipi/8268
Kosack, S., Ranis, G., & Vreeland, J. (Eds.) (2005). Globalization and the nation state: The impact of the IMF and the World Bank. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203323441
Moury, C., De Giorgi, E., & Barros, P. P. (2020). How to combine public spending with fiscal rigour? “Austerity by Stealth” in Post-Bailout Portugal (2015-2019). South European Society and Politics, 25(2), 151–178. https://doi.org/10.1080/13608746.2020.1863592
Mouzelis, N., & Pagoulatos, G. (Μουζέλης, Ν., & Παγουλάτος, Γ.) (2003). Κοινωνία πολιτών και ιδιότητα του πολίτη στη μεταπολεμική Ελλάδα. Ελληνική Επιθεώρηση Πολιτικής Επιστήμης [Greek Political Science Review], 22(1), 5–29. https://doi.org/10.12681/hpsa.14743
Papatheodorou, C., & Moysidou, A. (Παπαθεοδώρου, Χ. & Μωυσίδου, Α.) (2011). Υγειονομική περίθαλψη και ανισότητα στην Ελλάδα: Η διανεμητική επίδραση του συστήματος υγείας. [Μελέτες, 16], Παρατηρητήριο Οικονομικών και Κοινωνικών Εξελίξεων, Ινστιτούτο Εργασίας ΓΣΕΕ (INE). https://bityli.com/fEViPEc
Perez, S. A., & Matsaganis, M. (2018). The political economy of austerity in Southern Europe. New Political Economy, 23(2), 192–207. https://doi.org/10.1080/13563467.2017.1370445
Rickard, S. J., & Caraway, T. L. (2019). International demands for austerity: Examining the impact of the IMF on the public sector. The Review of International Organizations, 14(1), 35–57. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11558-017-9295-y
Riedl, A., Silgoner, M., & Knollmayer, A. (2015). The mixed success of EU-IMF adjustment programs in Europe – why Greece was different. Focus on European Economic Integration Q4/15, 52–70. https://www.oenb.at/en/Publications/Economics/Focus-on-European-Economic-Integration/2015/focus-on-european-economic-integration-Q4-15.html
Sakellaropoulos, T. & Economou, C. (2006). National priorities and European challenges in the reform process of the social protection and employment policies in Greece, 1980-2004. Social Cohesion and Development, 1(1), 5–36. https://bityli.com/rZQMeLcd
Sarantopoulou, Ζ. (Σαραντοπούλου, Ζ.) (2015). Οι μεταρρυθμίσεις, υπό το πρίσμα της συμβολής τους στη μείωση των δαπανών υγείας. Επιστημονικά Χρονικά, 20(3), 256–262. http://www.tzaneio.gr/wp-content/uploads/epistimonika_xronika/p15-3-5.pdf
Spourdalakis, M. (1988). The rise of the Greek socialist party. Routledge.
Taylor-Gooby, P., Leruth, B., & Chung, H. (Eds.) (2017). After austerity: Welfare state transformation in Europe after the great recession. Oxford University Press.
Tsakas, C. (2022). Post-war Greco-German relations, 1953-1981. Economic development, business interests and European integration. Palgrave. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-04371-0
Voulgaris, Y. (Βούλγαρης, Γ). (2006). Κράτος και κοινωνία πολιτών στην Ελλάδα. Μια σχέση προς επανεξέταση. Ελληνική Επιθεώρηση Πολιτικής Επιστήμης [Greek Political Science Review], 28(1), 5-33. https://doi.org/10.12681/hpsa.14660
Wyplosz, C., & Sgherri, S. (2016). The IMF’s role in Greece in the context of the 2010 stand-by arrangement. [IEO Background Paper BP/16-02/11], Independent Evaluation Office of the International Monetary Fund. https://repository.graduateinstitute.ch/record/294131
Ce travail est disponible sous licence Creative Commons Attribution - Pas d’Utilisation Commerciale - Partage dans les Mêmes Conditions 4.0 International.
(c) Tous droits réservés Kleoniki Alexopoulou, Luciano Amaral 2022
