Resumen
Después de la crisis financiera del 2008, acontecieron profundos cambios en el mercado laboral en China; el proceso de integración de los mercados de trabajo segmentó a los trabajadores migrantes; la escasez general de mano de obra contrastó con el grave desempleo juvenil; el rápido crecimiento de los salarios resultó en mayor desigualdad en la distribución del ingreso; el lento aumento de la población en edad activa dejó de contrabalancear el decreciente bono demográfico, entre otras. Junto con estos cambios, se presentaron protestas laborales que tendieron a ser politizadas desde el 2010. Los trabajadores migrantes son vistos con fuerte potencial para liderar el actual movimiento de los trabajadores y su papel pionero. En resumen, esas transformaciones son, en gran medida, respuestas pasivas a los cambios en la configuración económica e impulsada por políticas proactivas del mercado de trabajo. Este artículo, por medio de múltiples análisis del mercado de trabajo, acompaña a la respuesta de los trabajadores y expone la estrategia del Estado para la transformación del mercado de trabajo con base en una ideología ordoliberal.
Citas
Anon. (2016). Skills shortages in the Chinese labor market [中国劳动力市场技能缺口研究]. New Skills at Work, Executive Summary. Fudan University; Tsinghua University; J. P. Mogan. Retreived from: https://www.jpmorganchase.com/corporate/Corporate-Responsibility/document/skillsgap-in-chineselabor-market-exec-summary.pdf.
Bai, N. S., & Li, J. (2008). Urbanization and China’s rural labour mobility. Chinese Journal of Population Science, 22(4), 2–10. Retreived from: http://caod.oriprobe.com/articles/15676610/China_s_Urbanization_and_Rural_Labor_Migration.htm.
Cai, F. (2009). China’s future demographic dividend: Digging new source of economic growth [未来的人口红利-中国经济增长源泉的开拓]. Chinese Journal of Population Science, 23(1), 2–10. Retreived from: http://caod.oriprobe.com/articles/15676645/China_s_Future_Demographic_Dividend_Digging_New_Source_of_Economic_Gro.htm.
Cai, F., Park, A., & Zhao, Y. H. (2008). The Chinese labor market in the reform era. In L. Brandt & T. Rawski (Eds.), China’s great economic transformation (pp. 167–214). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Cai, F., & Wang, M. Y. (2008). A counterfactual of unlimited surplus labour in rural China. China and the World Economy, 16(1), 51–65. doi:10.1111/j.1749-124X.2008.00099.x.
Cai, F., & Wang, M. (2005). An Economic Analysis on Shortage of Migrant Workers [民工荒现象的经济学分析]. Guangdong Social Sciences, 7(2), 5–10. Retreived from: http://caod.oriprobe.com/articles/774561/An_Analysis_on_Temporary_Shortage_of_Labor_in_Pearl_River_Delta_Region.htm.
Cai, F., Du, Y., & Zhao, C. (2007). Regional labour market integration since China's WTO entry: Evidence from household-level data. In R. Garnaut & L. Song (Eds.), China linking markets for growth (pp. 133–50). Canberra: Asian Pacific Press.
Cai, F., Li, Z., & Lin, J. Y. (1996). The China miracle: Development strategy and economic reform. The Chinese University Press.
Chan, K. W. (2007). Misconceptions and complexities in the study of China's cities: Definitions, statistics, and implications. Eurasian Geography and Economics, 48(4), 383–412. doi:10.2747/1538-7216.48.4.383.
Chen, F. (2003). Between the State and labour: The conflict of Chinese trade unions' double identity in market reform. The China Quarterly, 176, 1006-1028. Retreived from: https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/20059071.pdfrefreqid=excelsior%3A14c8d9dd8140e756fb01bd34e0793213.
Das, M., & N'Diaye, M. P. M. (2013). Chronicle of a decline foretold: Has China reached the Lewis turning point? [IMF Working Paper n. 13/26], International Monetary Fund. Retrieved from: https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2013/wp1326.pdf.
Han, G., & Zhang, W. (2015). How have labour market developments affected labour costs in China? The World Economy, 38(9), 1387-1408. doi:10.1111/twec.12231.
Hao, N. (2016). 我国劳动力极化问题研究. [Research on Labor Force Polarization in China]. (Doctoral Dissertation).” China Academic Journal Electronic Publishing House. Retrieved from: http://cdmd.cnki.com.cn/Article/CDMD-10357-1017004821.htm.
Herr, H. (2011). Perspectives on high growth and rising inequality. In C. Scherrer (Ed.), China's labor question (pp. 7–27). München: Rainer Hampp Verlag.
Kwan, F. (2009). Agricultural labour and the incidence of surplus labour: Experience from China during reform. Journal of Chinese Economic and Business Studies, 7(3), 341–361.
Li, C. (2015). Labour surplus economy under transitions: A case study of Chinese rural labour mobility. (Master Dissertation). University of Campinas (Unicamp), Brazil. Retreived from: http://www.repositorio.unicamp.br/handle/REPOSIP/286402.
Li, C. (2017a). Industrial unrests and role of trade unions in China. In O. Balashova, I. D. Karatepe, & A. Namukasa (Eds.), Where have all the classes gone? A critical perspective on struggles and collective action (pp. 126–145). (Labor and Globalization, v. 8). Augsburg: Rainer Hampp Verlag. Retreived from:
Li, C. (2017b). Changing relations of production of agriculture in China under globalization. In A. M. Buainain, M. R. de Sousa, & Z. Navarro (Eds.), Globalization and agriculture redefining unequal development (pp. 107–125). Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.
Li, C. (2017c). A new approach to rural labour mobility in the labour surplus economy: A tripartite labour supply model. In V. Xaxa, D. Saha, & R. Singha (Eds.), Work, institutions and sustainable livelihood: Issues and challenges of transformation (pp. 153–192). Singapore: Palgrave Macmillan. doi:10.1007/978-981-10-5756-4_7.
Liu, S. Y., Qiu, J., & Wang, X. Y. (2011). 中国劳动力市场变革与影响 [Chinese labour market reform and impact.]. SeriChina Report, 11(3), 1-28. Retrieved from: http://www.xcf.cn/qwyj/tt/201102/P020110222349065552434.pdf.
Lu, X. B. (2016). 中国最低工资对劳动力市场供给的影响研究 [The effects of China's minimum wages on market labor supply]. (Doctoral Dissertation). China Academic Journal Electronic Publishing House. Retrieved from: http://cdmd.cnki.com.cn/Article/CDMD-10486-1017192379.htm.
Luo, C. Y., & Zhang, J. (2009). 劳动收入占比下降的经济学解释——基于中国省级面板数据的分析 [An economic explanation on the declined distribution of labour income: based on the analysis of Chinese provincial panel data]. Management World (Monthly), 5, 25–35. Retrieved from: http://ww2.usc.cuhk.edu.hk/PaperCollection/webmanager/wkfiles/7572_1_paper.pdf.
Meng, X. (2012). Labour market outcomes and reforms in China. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 26(4), 75–101. Retreived from: https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/23290281.pdf.
Nie, M. H. (2015). 中国外商直接投资的区位选择与优化配置研究 [Research on the location selection and optimal allocation of FDI in China]. Beijing: China Financial & Economic Publishing House.
Walder, A. G. (1988). Communist neo-traditionalism: Work and authority in Chinese industry. California: University of California Press.
Wang, C. (2005). 劳动力供求拐点与中国二元经济转型 [Lewis turning-points and Chinese transition in dual economy]. Population Science of China, 6, 2–10.
Wang, H. Q. (2015). 土地流转与农业生产关系重构 [The reconstruction between land circulation and agricultural productive relations]. China National Conditions and Strength, 23(11), 68-69.
Yang, D. L. (2005). China’s looming labor shortage. Far Eastern Economic Review, 168(2), 19–24. Retreived from: https://daliyang.files.wordpress.com/2013/08/yang-chinas-looming-labor-shortage.pdf.
Ying, H. (2009). An estimation on economically active population in urban and rural China. Chinese Journal of Population Science, 23(6), 14–22. Retrieved from: http://caod.oriprobe.com/articles/32554103/An_Estimation_on_Economically_Active_Population_in_Urban_and_Rural_Chi.htm.
Yueh, L. Y. (2004). Wage reforms in China during the 1990s. Journal of the East Asian Economic Association 18(2), 149–164.
Zhang, H. Y. (2014). 我国农业生产关系变化的新趋势 [New tendency of the change of agricultural production relations in China]. Journal of Agriculture Machinery Technology Extension, 3, 4-5.
Zhang, X. J. (2008). 中国就业的改革发展 [The reform and development of China's employment]. Beijing: China Labor Social Security Press.
Zhang, Z. (2008). Shortage of migrant workers: The present and the future. Population and Development 3, 19.
Todo el contenido de la revista, excepto donde se identifique, está licenciado bajo un tipo de Atribución/Reconocimiento-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0 Internacional. La revista adopta el modelo de acceso abierto, que permite a cualquier persona descargar textos, leerlos, copiarlos y difundirlos con fines académicos de forma gratuita.
