Resumo
O artigo revisa as principais versões da teoria da segmentação do mercado de trabalho formuladas no século XX e que permanecem tendo vigência. Originalmente, elas se concentravam em mostrar as inadequações das teorias neoclássicas, segundo as quais os agentes que operam no mercado são homogêneos e as barreiras à mobilidade provêm, em parte, das limitações técnicas existentes para substituir o trabalho pelo capital e para substituir trabalhadores com diferentes qualificações profissionais. Então, a segmentação seria produzida pela imperfeição temporária dos mercados, sem atribuir responsabilidades às empresas que geram a diferenciação entre os mercados interno e externo, primário e secundário, para evitar a queda das taxas de lucro. Os autores dessas teorias escreveram na época em que vigorava o modo de desenvolvimento fordista-keynesiano (1945-1974), mas atualmente a precariedade do emprego e a diversificação de formas específicas ou particulares de emprego deram a elas nova validade. Entre as causas assinaladas destaca-se a importância das instituições, das políticas de emprego e da flexibilização da legislação trabalhista.
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