Resumo
O aumento da proteção social na África é um fenômeno global complexo moldado por uma ampla gama de atores que interagem em diferentes níveis e cujo acesso ao espaço político e grau de influência são determinados pelo poder e pelos interesses que cada ator detém. Da mesma forma, no Zimbábue, o desenvolvimento do National Social Protection Policy Framework (NSPPF) foi uma disputa política entre o governo e diferentes agências externas (instituições financeiras internacionais, organizações não-governamentais internacionais e agências das Nações Unidas); dentro do próprio governo; e dentro das próprias agências externas. Este artigo analisa o processo de desenvolvimento do NSPPF e conclui que a ampliação da proteção social na África precisa ser entendida como uma questão política, e não como um mero processo técnico. Cada ator foi direcionado por uma posição ideológica diferente, pressionando para prevalecer sobre os interesses dos outros atores. À medida que a influência de agências externas prevaleceu nessa política, o “sucesso” veio com o custo de uma baixa apropriação nacional, que tornou sua implementação incerta.
Referências
Adesina, J. O. (2011). Beyond the social protection paradigm: social policy in Africa's development. Canadian Journal of Development Studies, 32(4), 454–470. https://doi.org/10.1080/02255189.2011.647441
Anderson, O. W., & Therkildsen, O. (2007). Harmonisation and alignment: The double-edged swords of budgetary support and decentralised aid administration. [DIIS Working Paper, n. 4], Danish Institute for International Studies. https://www.econstor.eu/handle/10419/84575
Brinkerhoff, D. W. (1996). Process perspectives on policy change: highlighting implementation. World Development, 24(9), 1395–1401. https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-750X(96)00056-3
Brock, K., McGee, R., & Ssewakiryanga, R. (2002). Poverty knowledge and policy processes: a case study of Uganda national poverty reduction policy. [IDS Research Report 53], Institute of Development Studies, Brighton. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/57a08d4ae5274a31e0001792/R76131.pdf
Chikova, H. (2013, September 16-17). Social protection in Zimbabwe: country paper. SASPEN and FES International Conference on “Social protection for those working informally, social and income (in)security in the informal economy”. Southern African Social Protection Experts Network, Johannesburg.
Cirillo, C., & Tebaldi, R. (2016). Social protection in Africa: Inventory of non-contributory programmes. International Policy Centre for Inclusive Growth (IPCIP), United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). https://ipcig.org/publication/27902
Davies, M. (2009). DFID social transfers evaluation summary report. [Working Paper, N. 31], Department for International Development, London. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/67727/dfid-soc-trsfrs-summ-rpt-wp-31.pdf
Haan, A. de (2014). The rise of social protection in development: Progress, pitfalls and politics. European Journal of Development Research, 26(3), 311–321. https://doi.org/10.1057/ejdr.2014.7
Devereux, S. (2018, June 7-8). The rise and rise of social protection in Africa: Because it works, because it’s popular, because it’s right, or because everybody’s doing it? [Keynote speech]. International Workshop on “Building social protection systems in the global South: Different trajectories and the influence of external factors”. University of Bremen.
Devereux, S., & Kapingidza, S. (2020). External donors and social protection in Africa: A case study of Zimbabwe. In C. Schmitt (Ed.), From colonialism to international aid: External actors and social protection in the Global South (pp. 273-302). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-38200-1_11
Devereux, S., & Sabates-Wheeler, R. (2004). Transformative social protection. [IDS Working Paper, N. 232], Institute of Development Studies, England. https://www.ids.ac.uk/download.php?file=files/dmfile/Wp232.pdf
Devereux, S., & White, P. (2010). Social protection in Africa: Evidence, politics, and rights. Poverty and Public Policy, 2(3), 53–77. https://doi.org/10.2202/1944-2858.1078
Fischer, A. M. (2020). The dark sides of social policy: From neoliberalism to resurgent right-wing populism. Development and Change, 51(2), 371–397. https://doi.org/10.1111/dech.12577
Gaventa, J. (2005). Reflections on the uses of the “power cube” approach for analysing the spaces, places and dynamics of civil society participation and engagement. [CFP Evaluation Series 2003-2006, N. 4], MFP Breed Netwerk, Netherlands. https://www.participatorymethods.org/sites/participatorymethods.org/files/reflections_on_uses_powercube.pdf
Government of Zimbabwe (GoZ) (2013a). Constitution of Zimbabwe (Amendment 20). https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/Treaties/CEDAW/Shared%20Documents/ZWE/INT_CEDAW_ADR_ZWE_33226_E.pdf
Government of Zimbabwe (GoZ) (2013b). Zimbabwe Agenda for Sustainable Socio-Economic Transformation (ZimAsset), October 2013-December 2018. https://www.dpcorp.co.zw/assets/zim-asset.pdf
Government of Zimbabwe (GoZ) (2015). Zimbabwe National Action Plan for Orphans and Vulnerable Children in Zimbabwe Phase III 2016-2021. Ministry of Public Service, Labour and Social Welfare.
Government of Zimbabwe (GoZ) (2016). National Social Protection Policy Framework for Zimbabwe. Ministry of Public Service, Labour and Social Welfare. https://www.social-protection.org/gimi/RessourcePDF.action%3Bjsessionid%3DsfcsUQbknb_TOz_GDLUr0kaoTvMPI4HVDx5AFkwxMdxyBwfN6Mh2!-1463413688?id=55799
Government of Zimbabwe (GoZ) (2020). National Development Strategy 1: January 2021 – December 2025. https://zimbabwe.un.org/sites/default/files/2021-10/NDS1%20Final.pdf
Government of Zimbabwe, & World Bank (2016). Zimbabwe Public Expenditure Review (Volume 5, Social Protection). https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/27903
Hart, R. (1992). Children’s participation: from tokenism to citizenship. [Innocenti Essays, N. 4], International Child Development Centre, UNICEF. https://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/100-childrens-participation-from-tokenism-to-citizenship.html
Hickey, S. (2007). Conceptualising the politics of social protection in Africa. [BWPI Working Paper, N. 4], Brooks World Poverty Institute, University of Manchester. https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1204542
Hill, M. (2005). The public policy process. Pearson Longman.
Holmes, R., & Lwanga-Ntale, C. (2012). Social protection in Africa: review of social protection issues in research. [PASGR Scoping Study], Partnership for African Social and Governance Research, Kenya; Overseas Development Institute (ODI), London. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/57a08a9d40f0b649740006ac/Social-protection-in-Africa_A-review-of-social-protection-issues-in-research.pdf
Juma, C., & Clark, N. (1995). Policy research in sub-Saharan Africa: an exploration. Public Administration and Development, 15(2), 121–137. https://doi.org/10.1002/pad.4230150204
Leftwich, A. (2008). Developmental states, effective states and poverty reduction: The primacy of Politics. Índian Journal of Human Development, 5(2), 387–411. https://doi.org/10.1177/0973703020110205
Masuka, T., Banda, G., Mabvurira, V., & Frank, R. (2012). Preserving the future: Social protection programmes for orphans and vulnerable children (OVC) in Zimbabwe. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 2(12), 59–66. http://www.ijhssnet.com/journals/Vol_2_No_12_Special_Issue_June_2012/9.pdf
McCord, A. (2014) Differing government and donor perspectives on cash transfer based social protection in sub-Saharan Africa: The implications of EU social protection programming. European University Institute. https://socialprotection.org/es/discover/publications/differing-government-and-donor-perspectives-cash-transfer-based-social
Ministry of Labour and Social Services (MoLSS) (2010). National Action Plan for Orphans and Vulnerable Children Phase II 2011-2015. Government of Zimbabwe.
Mkandawire, T. (2001). Social policy in a development context. [NRISD Social Policy and Development Programme Paper, N. 7], United Nations Research Institute for Social Development. https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/102709/7.pdf
Mupedziswa, R. (2018). Social protection initiatives for Zimbabwe’s vulnerable groups: Lessons from the sub-Saharan region. Journal of Social Development in Africa, 33(1), 23–52. https://www.ajol.info/index.php/jsda/article/view/170162
Ouma, M., & Adesina, J. O. (2018). Solutions, exclusion and influence: Exploring power relations in the adoption of social protection policies in Kenya. Critical Social Policy, 39(3), 376–395. https://doi.org/10.1177/0261018318817482
Reinikka, R. (2008). Donors and service delivery. In W. Easterly (Ed.), Reinventing foreign aid (pp. 179-199). The MIT Press.
Schubert, B. (2010). Child sensitive social protection in Zimbabwe. UNICEF.
Schubert, B. (2011). Lessons learned from ongoing social cash transfer programmes in Zimbabwe. UNICEF.
Smith, H., Chiroro, P., & Musker, P. (2012). Process and impact evaluation of the Basic Education Assistance Module (BEAM) in Zimbabwe: final evaluation report (submitted to the Ministry of Labour and Social Services, Government of Zimbabwe). CfBT Education Trust, Impact Research International, and Paul Musker and Associates.
Sutton, R. (1999). The policy process: An overview. [ODI Working Paper, N. 118], Overseas Development Institute, London. https://www.weadapt.org/sites/weadapt.org/files/legacy-new/knowledge-base/files/1233/5241b6fb95cecdoc7279.pdf
United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) (2012). Enhancing integrated social protection systems: Enhancing equity for children. UNICEF Social Protection Strategic Framework. https://www.unicef.org/lac/sites/unicef.org.lac/files/2019-10/UNICEF_Social_Protection_Strategic_Framework_full_doc_std.pdf
United Nations Country Team, & Government of Zimbabwe (2014). Country analysis report. UNCT & GoZ.
World Bank (2000). Zimbabwe – Enhanced Social Protection Project Report. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/366711468764095381/Zimbabwe-Enhanced-Social-Protection-Project
World Bank (2014). Zimbabwe Economic Policy Dialogue: Policy notes for the new government – 2013. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/23027
Wyatt, A., Mupedziswa, R., & Rayment, C. (2010). Institutional capacity assessment: Department of Social Services Ministry of Labour and Social Services Zimbabwe. [Final Report], Oxford Policy Management, and Jimat Development Consultants. https://www.socialserviceworkforce.org/resources/institutional-capacity-assessment-department-social-services-zimbabwe
Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2022 Samuel Kapingidza