Banner Portal
Questionando a pobreza nas fronteiras do desenvolvimento
PDF

Palavras-chave

Conflitos socioambientais
Redução de pobreza
Economia política
Ecologia política
Recursos naturais
Ecossistemas
Brasil
Bolívia

Como Citar

IORIS, Antônio Augusto Rossotto. Questionando a pobreza nas fronteiras do desenvolvimento: Amazônia brasileira e boliviana. RURIS (Campinas, Online), Campinas, SP, v. 10, n. 1, 2016. DOI: 10.53000/rr.v10i1.2638. Disponível em: https://econtents.bc.unicamp.br/inpec/index.php/ruris/article/view/16934. Acesso em: 4 maio. 2024.

Resumo

Este artigo examina como interações socioambientais contemporâneas na região amazônica carregam ainda marcas de antigas e novas formas de injustiça e desigualdade. O bioma amazônico abriga desigualdades e assimetrias que vão da escala local à regional, chegando à internacional. Nesse contexto, riqueza e pobreza emergem a partir da apropriação e da transformação de ecossistemas florestais. A pobreza é uma condição de necessidades não satisfeitas, tanto materiais, quanto sociopolíticas, causada pela combinação de mecanismos de exploração, alienação e exclusão. Igualmente, ela é produto de modelos hegemônicos de desenvolvimento e manejo ambiental que reforçam, sistematicamente, o controle social e a exclusão política. Instrumentos governamentais e investimentos em infraestrutura atraíram diferentes contingentes de pessoas rumo à Amazônia, dos quais, a maioria não teve acesso aos benefícios do processo de desenvolvimento. Este artigo recorta duas áreas geográficas no Brasil e na Bolívia e os resultados empíricos demonstram que as políticas de desenvolvimento e a perpetuação da pobreza na região amazônica não acontecem ao redor ou fora da floresta, mas sim dentro e ao longo dela. As principais conclusões da pesquisa são de que o desenvolvimentismo é baseado em estratégias anti-ecológicas; que a pobreza é o resultado de políticas dominantes exercidas contra o socioambiente, junto ao fracasso sistemático de programas voltados à redução da pobreza; e finalmente, que a interação profunda com os ecossistemas florestais é central para a geração de conhecimento e resistência política.

https://doi.org/10.53000/rr.v10i1.2638
PDF

Referências

Adams, C., R. S.S. Murrieta, W. A. Neves and M. Harris (eds) (2009) Amazon Peasant Societies in a Changing Environment. Springer.

Alcock, P. (2004) ‘The Influence of Dynamic Perspectives onPoverty Analysis and Anti-poverty Policy in the UK’, Journal of Social Policy 33(3): 395–416.

Aldrich, S., R. Walker, C. Simmons, M. Caldas and S. Perz (2012) ‘Contentious Land Change in the Amazon’s Arc of reforestation’, Annals of the Association of American Geographers 102(1): 103–28.

Amechi, E.P. (2009) ‘Poverty, Socio-Political Factors and Degradation of the Environment in Sub-Saharan Africa: The Need for a Holistic Approach to the Protection of the Environment and Realisation of the Right to Environment’, Law, Environment and Development Journal 5(2): 107–29. Appadurai, A. (2002) ‘Deep Democracy: Urban Governmentality and the Horizon of Politics’, Public Culture 14(3): 21–7.

Bakker, K. (2010) ‘The Limits of “Neoliberal Natures”: Debating Green Neoliberalism’, Progress in Human Geography 34(6): 715–35.

Ballard, R. (2013) ‘Geographies of Development II: Cash Transfers and the Reinvention of Development for the Poor’, Progress in Human Geography, DOI: 10.1177/0309132512474739

Barrett, C. B., A.J. Travis and P. Dasgupta, P. (2011) ‘On Biodiversity Conservation and Poverty Traps’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 108(34): 13907–912.

Bebbington, A. (2007) ‘Social Movements and the Politicization of Chronic Poverty’, Development and Change 38(5): 793–818.

Coomes, O. T., Y. Takasaki and J.M. Rhemtulla (2011) ‘Land-use Poverty Traps Identified in Shifting Cultivation Systems Shape Long-term Tropical Forest Cover’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 108(34): 13925–930.

Cunha, E. R. P. (2005 [1909]) À Margem da História (At the Margin of History). Rio de Janeiro: Academia Brasileira de Letras.

Daily, G. (1997) Nature’s Services: Societal Dependence on Natural Ecosystems. Washington, DC: Island Press.

Danziger, S. K. (2010) ‘The Decline of Cash Welfare and Implications for Social Policy and Poverty’, Annual Review of Sociology 36: 523–45.

García Linera, A. (2012) Geopolítica de la Amazonía: Poder Hacendal-Patrimonial y Acumulación Capitalista (Amazon Geopolitics: Estate-Patrimonial Power and Capitalist Accumulation). La Paz: Vicepresidencia del Estado Plurinacional.

George, H. (1979) Progress and Poverty. New York: Robert Schalkenbach Foundation.

Gordillo, G. R. (2004) Landscapes of Devil: Tensions of Place and Memory in the Argentinean Chaco. Durham and London: Duke University Press.

Grandin, G. (2010) Fordlandia: The Rise and Fall of Henry Ford’s Forgotten Jungle City. London: Icon Books.

Gray, L.C. and W.G. Moseley (2005) ‘A Geographical Perspective on Poverty-Environment Interactions’, Geographical Journal 171(1): 9–23.

Hecht, S.B. (2005) ‘Soybeans, Development and Conservation on the Amazon Frontier’, Development and Change 36(2): 375–404.

Heller, M. A. (1998) ‘The Tragedy of the Anticommons: Property in the Transition from Marx to Markets’, Harvard Law Review 111: 621–88.

Holanda, S. B. (2000) Visão do Paraíso (Vision of the Paradise). São Paulo: Brasiliense.

Ioris, A. A. R. (2007) ‘The Troubled Waters of Brazil: Nature Commodification and Social Exclusion’ Capitalism Nature Socialism 18(1): 28–50.

Ioris, A. A. R. (2010) ‘The Political Nexus between Water and Economics in Brazil: A Critique of Recent Policy Reforms’, Review of Radical Political Economics 42(2): 231–50.

Ioris, A. A. R. (2014) The Political Ecology of the State: The Basis and the Evolution of Environmental Statehood. London: Routledge.

IPEA (Institute for Applied Economic Research) (2010) ‘Dimensão, Evolução e Projeção da Pobreza por Região e por Estado no Brasil’ (Extent, Evolution and Spread of Poverty by Region and State in Brazil). Comunicados do Ipea No. 58. Brasília: Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada.

Isla, A. (2009) ‘The Eco-Class-Race Struggles in the Peruvian Amazon Basin: An Ecofeminist Perspective’, Capitalism Nature Socialism 20(3): 21–48.

Kindon, S., R. Pain and M. Kesby (eds) (2010) Participatory Action Research: Approaches and Methods. London and New York: Routledge.

Kirby, K. R., W. F. Laurance, A.K. Albernaz, G. Schroth, P.M. Fearnside, S. Bergen, E.M. Venticinque and C. da Costa (2006) ‘The Future of Deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon’, Futures 38(4): 432–53.

Lawson, V., L. Jarosz and A. Bonds (2010) ‘Articulations of Place, Poverty, and Race: Dumping Grounds and Unseen Grounds in the Rural American Northwest’, Annals of the Association of American Geographers 100(3): 655–77.

Lin, A. C. and D.R. Harris (2010) The Colors of Poverty: Why Racial and Ethnic Disparities Exist. New York: Russell Sage Foundation Publications.

Marx, K. (1956 [1847]) The Poverty of Philosophy. Moscow: Lawrence and Wishart (for the Foreign Languages Publishing House).

Marx, K. (1988 [1844]) Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts and the Communist Manifesto. Trans. M. Milligan. Amherst, NY: Prometheus.

Mawdsley, E. (2007) ‘The Millennium Challenge Account: Neo-liberalism, Poverty and Security’, Review of International Political Economy 14(3): 487–509.

Medina, G., B. Pokorny and B.M. Campbell (2009) ‘Community Forest Management for Timber Extraction in the Amazon Frontier’, International Forestry Review 11(3): 408–20.

Minang, P. A. and M. van Noordwijk (2013) ‘Design Challenges for Achieving Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation through Conservation: Leveraging Multiple Paradigms at the Tropical Forest Margins’ Land Use Policy 31: 61–70.

Nebel, G., L. Quevedo, J. Bredahl Jacobsen and F. Helles (2005) ‘Development and Economic Significance of Forest Certification: The Case of FSC in Bolivia’, Forest Policy and Economics 7(2): 175–86.

Ollman, B. (1976) Alienation: Marx’s Conception of Man in Capitalist Society. 2nd edition. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Pacheco, P. (2006) ‘Agricultural Expansion and Deforestation in Lowland Bolivia: The Import Substitution Versus the Structural Adjustment Model’, Land Use Policy 23(3): 205–25.

Peck, J. (2011) ‘Global Policy Models, Globalizing Poverty Management: International Convergence or Fast-policy Integration?’, Geography Compass 5(4): 165–81.

Peet, R. and E. Hartwick (2009) Theories of Development: Contentions, Arguments, Alternatives. 2nd edition. New York and London: Guilford Press.

PNUD (United Nations Development Programme) (2010) Los Cambios Detrás del Cambio: Informe Nacional sobre Desarrollo Humano en Bolivia (The Changes behind the Change Inequalities and Social Mobility in Bolivia). La Paz: Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo.

PNUD (United Nations Development Programme) (2013) Atlas do Desenvolvimento Humano no Brasil (Atlas of Human Development in Brazil). Brasília: Programa das Nações Unidas para o Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada and Fundação João Pinheiro.

Pogge, T. (2008) World Poverty and Human Rights. 2nd edition. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.

Robertson, M. (2012) ‘Measurement and Alienation: Making a World of Ecosystem Services’, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 37(3): 386–401.

Robinson, P. and C. Oppenheim (1998) Social Exclusion Indicators: A Submission to the Social Exclusion Unit. London: Institute for Public Policy Research.

Room, G. J. (1999) ‘Social Exclusion, Solidarity and the Challenge of Globalization’, International Journal of Social Welfare 8(3): 166–74.

Schmink, M. and C.H. Wood (1992) Contested Frontiers in Amazonia. New York: Columbia University Press. Shubin, S. (2010) ‘Cultural Exclusion and Rural Poverty in Ireland and Russia’, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 35(4): 555–70.

Simmons, C. S. (2004) ‘The Political Economy of Land Conflict in the Eastern Brazilian Amazon’, Annals of the Association of American Geography 94(1): 183–206.

Simmons, C. S., R. T. Walker, E.Y. Arima, S. P. Aldrich and M.M. Caldas (2007) ‘The Amazon Land War in the South of Pará’, Annals of the Association of American Geographers 97(3): 567–92.

Souza, A. L. and E.E. Filippi (2010) ‘O Programa Amazônia Sustentável: Novas e Velhas Estratégias de Inserção Continental’, Amazônia - Ciência & Desenvolvimento 6(11): 191–210.

Taussig, M. (1987) Shamanism, Colonialism and the Wild Man: A Study in Terror in Healing. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

The Economist (01 June 2013). Poverty, Geography and the Double Dilemma. http://www.economist.com/blogs/feastandfamine/2013/06/aid-agencies-future (accessed 21 October 2013)

Toillier, A., G. Serpantié , D. Hervé and S. Lardon (2011) ‘Livelihood Strategies and Land Use Changes in Response to Conservation: Pitfalls of Community-Based Forest Management in Madagascar’, Journal of Sustainable Forestry 30(1-2): 20–56.

UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme) (2003) Poverty and Ecosystems: A Conceptual Framework. Twentysecond Session of the Governing Council/Global Ministerial Environment Forum. Document UNEP/GC.22/INF/30/Rev.1.Nairobi: United Nations Environment Programme.

Vadez, V., V. Reyes-García, T. Huanca and W.R. Leonard (2008) 'Cash Cropping, Farm Technologies, and Deforestation: What are the Connections? A Model with Empirical data from the Bolivian Amazon’, Human Organization 67(4): 384–96.

Vadjunec, J. M., C.V.A. Gomes and T. Ludewigs (2009) ‘Landuse/Land-cover Change among Rubber Tappers in the Chico Mendes Extractive Reserve, Acre, Brazil’, Journal of Land Use Science 4(4): 249–74.

Weinhold, D., E. Killick and E. J. Reis (2013) ‘Soybeans, Poverty and Inequality in the Brazilian Amazon’, World Development 52: 132–43.

Yapa, L. (1993) ‘What are Improved Seeds? An Epistemology of the Green Revolution’, Economic Geography 69(3): 254–73.

Yapa, L. (1996) ‘What Causes Poverty?: A Postmodern View’, Annals of the Association of American Geographers 86(4): 707–28.

Zibechi, R. (2009) ‘Gobiernos y Movimientos: Entre la Autonomía y las Nuevas Formas de Dominación’, in: R. Hoetmer (ed) Repensar la Política desde América Latina (Rethink Politics from Latin America), pp. 185–94. Lima: Universidad Nacional de San Marcos.

Creative Commons License

Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Copyright (c) 2016 RURIS - Revista do Centro de Estudos Rurais - UNICAMP

Downloads

Não há dados estatísticos.