Resumo
This short review presents the photoacoustic technique applied to the study of photosynthesis. It is known that plants kept in the dark for several hours stop photosynthetic activity. After this dark-adaptation, light incidence gives rise to the socalled photosynthetic induction (restart of the photosynthetic processes). The Open Photoacoustic Cell described here has been used at the Laboratory of Photothermal Spectroscopy (IFGW, UNICAMP) to investigate the kinetics of the photosynthetic induction. Recent work developed at this laboratory includes in vivo and in situ measurements in eucalyptus leaves from different species and subjected to different conditions. With the photoacoustic technique, we can analyze the parameters that influence photosynthesis, such as temperature and intensity of the incident radiation.
Referências
[1] Bell, A. G., 1880. Am. J. Sci. 20: 305.
[2] Rosencwaig, A., and Gersho, A. 1976. Theory of the photoacoustic effect with solids. J. Appl. Phys. 47: 64-69.
[3] Malkin, S., and Cahen, D. 1979. Photoacoustic spectroscopy and radiant energy conversion: theory of the effect with special emphasis on photosynthesis. Photochemistry and Photobiology 29: 803-813.
[4] Poulet, P., Cahen, D., and Malkin, S. 1983. Photoacoustic detection of photosynthetic oxygen evolution from leaves: quantitative analysis by phase and amplitude measurements. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 724: 433-446.
[5] Lasser-Ross, N., Malkin, S., and Cahen, D. 1980. Photoacoustic detection of photosynthetic activities in isolated broken chloroplasts. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 593: 330-341.
[6] Bults, G., Horwitz, B. A., Malkin, S., and Cahen, D. 1982. Photoacoustic measurements of photosynthetic activities in whole leaves: photochemistry and gas exchange. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 679: 452-465.
[7] Carrier, P., Chagvardieff P. and Tapie P. 1989. Comparison of the Oxygen Exchange between Photosynthetic Cell Suspensions and Detached Leaves of Euphorbia characias L. Plant Physiology 91:1075-1079.
[8] Perondi, L. F., and Miranda, L. C. M. 1987. Minimalvolume photoacoustic cell measurement of thermal diffusivity: effect of the thermoelastic sample bending. J. Appl. Phys. 62: 2955-2959.
[9] Silva, M. D. da, Bandeira, I. N., and Miranda, L. C. M. 1987. Open-cell photoacoustic radiation detector. J. Phys. E 20: 1476-1478.
[10] Nery, J. W., Pessoa Jr., O, Vargas, H., Reis, F. A. M., Gabrielli, A., Miranda, L. C. M., and Vinha, C. A. 1987. Photoacoustic spectroscopy for depth-profile analysis and herbicide monitoring in leaves. Analyst 112: 1487-1490.
[11] Pereira, A. C., Zerbetto, M., Silva, G. C., Silva, W. J., Vargas, H., Neto, G. de O., Cella, N., and Miranda, L. C. M. 1992. OPC technique for in vivo studies in plant
photosynthesis research. Meas. Sci. Technol. 3: 931-934.
[12] Silva, W. J., Prioli, L. M., Miranda, L. C. M., Cella, N., Vargas., H., and Mansanares, A. M. 1995. Photosynthetic O2 evolution in maize inbreds and their hybrids can be differentiated by Open Photoacoustic Cell. Plant Sci. 104: 177-181.
[13] Barja, P. R., and Mansanares, A. M. 1998. Photosynthetic energy storage and oxygen evolution determined through an Open Photoacoustic Cell technique. Instrum. Sci. Technol. 26/2&3: 209-219.
[14] Fork, D. C., and Herbert, S. K. 1993. The application of photoacoustic techniques to studies of photosynthesis. Photochemistry and Photobiology 57: 207-220.
[15] Malkin, S., and Canaani, O. 1994. The use and characteristics of the photoacoustic method in the study of photosynthesis. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 45: 493-526.
[16] Malkin, S., and Puchenkov, O. V. 1997. The photoacoustic effect in photosynthesis. In Progress in Photothermal and Photoacoustic Science and Technology: Life and Earth Sciences (Mandelis, A., and Hess, P., editors), Washington: SPIE, chapter 2.
[17] Vargas., H., and Miranda, L. C. M. 1988. Photoacoustic and related photothermal techniques. Phys. Rep. 161: 43-101.
[18] Bento, A. C., Aguiar, M. M. F., Vargas, H., Silva, M. D. da, Bandeira, I. N., and Miranda, L. C. M. 1989. Open Photoacoustic Cell X-ray detection. Appl. Phys. B 48: 269- 272.
[19] Marquezini, M. V., Cella, N., Silva, E. C., Serra, D. B., Lima, C. A. S., and Vargas, H. 1990. Photoacoustic assessment of the in vivo genotypical response of corn to
toxic Aluminium. Analyst 115: 341-343.
[20] Pereira, A. C., Prioli, L. M., Silva, W. J. da, Neto, G. O., Vargas, H., Cella, N., and Alvarado-Gil, J. 1994. In vivo and in situ measurements of spectroscopic and photosynthetic properties of undetached maize leaves using the open photoacoustic cell technique. Plant Science 96: 203-209.
[21] Marquezini, M. V., Cella, N., Mansanares, A.M., Vargas, H., and Miranda, L. C. M. 1991. Open Photoacoustic Cell spectroscopy. Meas. Sci. Technol. 2: 396-401.
[22] Pereira, A. C., Neto, G. de O., Vargas, H., Cella, N., and Miranda, L.C.M. 1994. On the use of the Open Photoacoustic Cell Technique for studying photosynthetic O2 evolution of undetached leaves: comparison with Clarktype O2 electrode. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 65: 1512-1516.
[23] Walker, D. A., and Osmond, C. B. 1986. Measurement of photosynthesis in vivo with a leaf disc eletrode: correlations between light dependence of steady state photosynthetic O2 evolution and chlorophyll a fluorescence transients. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 227: 267- 280.
[24] Dau, H., and Hansen, U. 1989. Studies on the adaptation of intact leaves to changing light intensities by a kinetic analysis of chlorophyll fluorescence and oxygen evolution as measured by the photoacoustic signal. Photosynthesis Research 20: 59-83.
[25] Snel, J. F. H., Kooijman, M., and Vredenberg, W. J. 1990. Correlation between chlorophyll fluorescence and photoacoustic signal transients in spinach leaves. Photosynthesis Research 25: 259-268.
[2] Rosencwaig, A., and Gersho, A. 1976. Theory of the photoacoustic effect with solids. J. Appl. Phys. 47: 64-69.
[3] Malkin, S., and Cahen, D. 1979. Photoacoustic spectroscopy and radiant energy conversion: theory of the effect with special emphasis on photosynthesis. Photochemistry and Photobiology 29: 803-813.
[4] Poulet, P., Cahen, D., and Malkin, S. 1983. Photoacoustic detection of photosynthetic oxygen evolution from leaves: quantitative analysis by phase and amplitude measurements. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 724: 433-446.
[5] Lasser-Ross, N., Malkin, S., and Cahen, D. 1980. Photoacoustic detection of photosynthetic activities in isolated broken chloroplasts. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 593: 330-341.
[6] Bults, G., Horwitz, B. A., Malkin, S., and Cahen, D. 1982. Photoacoustic measurements of photosynthetic activities in whole leaves: photochemistry and gas exchange. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 679: 452-465.
[7] Carrier, P., Chagvardieff P. and Tapie P. 1989. Comparison of the Oxygen Exchange between Photosynthetic Cell Suspensions and Detached Leaves of Euphorbia characias L. Plant Physiology 91:1075-1079.
[8] Perondi, L. F., and Miranda, L. C. M. 1987. Minimalvolume photoacoustic cell measurement of thermal diffusivity: effect of the thermoelastic sample bending. J. Appl. Phys. 62: 2955-2959.
[9] Silva, M. D. da, Bandeira, I. N., and Miranda, L. C. M. 1987. Open-cell photoacoustic radiation detector. J. Phys. E 20: 1476-1478.
[10] Nery, J. W., Pessoa Jr., O, Vargas, H., Reis, F. A. M., Gabrielli, A., Miranda, L. C. M., and Vinha, C. A. 1987. Photoacoustic spectroscopy for depth-profile analysis and herbicide monitoring in leaves. Analyst 112: 1487-1490.
[11] Pereira, A. C., Zerbetto, M., Silva, G. C., Silva, W. J., Vargas, H., Neto, G. de O., Cella, N., and Miranda, L. C. M. 1992. OPC technique for in vivo studies in plant
photosynthesis research. Meas. Sci. Technol. 3: 931-934.
[12] Silva, W. J., Prioli, L. M., Miranda, L. C. M., Cella, N., Vargas., H., and Mansanares, A. M. 1995. Photosynthetic O2 evolution in maize inbreds and their hybrids can be differentiated by Open Photoacoustic Cell. Plant Sci. 104: 177-181.
[13] Barja, P. R., and Mansanares, A. M. 1998. Photosynthetic energy storage and oxygen evolution determined through an Open Photoacoustic Cell technique. Instrum. Sci. Technol. 26/2&3: 209-219.
[14] Fork, D. C., and Herbert, S. K. 1993. The application of photoacoustic techniques to studies of photosynthesis. Photochemistry and Photobiology 57: 207-220.
[15] Malkin, S., and Canaani, O. 1994. The use and characteristics of the photoacoustic method in the study of photosynthesis. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 45: 493-526.
[16] Malkin, S., and Puchenkov, O. V. 1997. The photoacoustic effect in photosynthesis. In Progress in Photothermal and Photoacoustic Science and Technology: Life and Earth Sciences (Mandelis, A., and Hess, P., editors), Washington: SPIE, chapter 2.
[17] Vargas., H., and Miranda, L. C. M. 1988. Photoacoustic and related photothermal techniques. Phys. Rep. 161: 43-101.
[18] Bento, A. C., Aguiar, M. M. F., Vargas, H., Silva, M. D. da, Bandeira, I. N., and Miranda, L. C. M. 1989. Open Photoacoustic Cell X-ray detection. Appl. Phys. B 48: 269- 272.
[19] Marquezini, M. V., Cella, N., Silva, E. C., Serra, D. B., Lima, C. A. S., and Vargas, H. 1990. Photoacoustic assessment of the in vivo genotypical response of corn to
toxic Aluminium. Analyst 115: 341-343.
[20] Pereira, A. C., Prioli, L. M., Silva, W. J. da, Neto, G. O., Vargas, H., Cella, N., and Alvarado-Gil, J. 1994. In vivo and in situ measurements of spectroscopic and photosynthetic properties of undetached maize leaves using the open photoacoustic cell technique. Plant Science 96: 203-209.
[21] Marquezini, M. V., Cella, N., Mansanares, A.M., Vargas, H., and Miranda, L. C. M. 1991. Open Photoacoustic Cell spectroscopy. Meas. Sci. Technol. 2: 396-401.
[22] Pereira, A. C., Neto, G. de O., Vargas, H., Cella, N., and Miranda, L.C.M. 1994. On the use of the Open Photoacoustic Cell Technique for studying photosynthetic O2 evolution of undetached leaves: comparison with Clarktype O2 electrode. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 65: 1512-1516.
[23] Walker, D. A., and Osmond, C. B. 1986. Measurement of photosynthesis in vivo with a leaf disc eletrode: correlations between light dependence of steady state photosynthetic O2 evolution and chlorophyll a fluorescence transients. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 227: 267- 280.
[24] Dau, H., and Hansen, U. 1989. Studies on the adaptation of intact leaves to changing light intensities by a kinetic analysis of chlorophyll fluorescence and oxygen evolution as measured by the photoacoustic signal. Photosynthesis Research 20: 59-83.
[25] Snel, J. F. H., Kooijman, M., and Vredenberg, W. J. 1990. Correlation between chlorophyll fluorescence and photoacoustic signal transients in spinach leaves. Photosynthesis Research 25: 259-268.
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