Keywords
Cyberculture
Critical
Political economy
Karl Marx
How to Cite
Abstract
This article gives an overview of example approaches of Critical Internet Studies and points out key concepts of this field. Critical Cyberculture Studies and Critical Political Economy/Critical Theory of the Internet are identified as two approaches in Critical Internet Studies. The paper also discusses the role of 11 Marxian concepts for Critical Internet Studies. Marxian concepts that have
been reflected in Critical Internet Studies include: dialectics, capitalism, commodification, surplus value/exploitation/alienation/class, globalization, ideology, class struggle, commons, public sphere, communism and aesthetics. The paper points out the importance of explicitly acknowledging the importance of Marx’s thinking in Critical Internet Studies. Marx’s concepts are today frequently used implicitly, without acknowledging and engaging with their roots. A critique of the approach of “Critical” Cyberculture Studies is advanced. This approach is compared to the approaches of Critical Theory and Critical Political Economy of the Internet. The difference between these two approaches reflects the debate about class exploitation and non-class domination between Cultural Studies and Critical Political Economy in Media and Communication Studies
References
ADORNO, T. W. Zur Logik der Sozial wissenschaften. In: SoziologischeSchriftenI. Frankfurt/Main: Suhrkamp, 1962, p.574-565.
ADORNO, T. W. Aesthetic Theory. Londres: Continuum. 1997.
ANDREJEVIC, M. The Work of Being Watched: Interactive Media and the Exploitation of Self-Disclosure. Critical Studies in Media Communication, 19(2), p.230-248, 2002.
ANDREJEVIC, M. Apprehensions of the Future: Internet Aesthetics and Ideology. In: Ideologies of the Internet. SARIKAKIS, K.; THUSSU, D. (Eds.). Londres: Hampton Press, 2006, p.19-34.
ANDREJEVIC, M. iSpy: Surveillance and Power in the Interactive Era. Lawrence:University Press of Kansas, 2007.
ANDREJEVIC, M. Critical Media Studies, 2.0: An Interactive upgrade. Interactions: Studies in Communication and Culture, 1(1), p.35-51, 2009.
ARTZ, L.; MACEK, S.; CLOUD, D. L. (Eds.). Marxism and Communication Studies. Nova York: PeterLang, 2006.
ATTON, C. An Alternative Internet. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2004.
BAKARDJIEVA, M. The Internet in Everyday Life: Exploring the Tenets and Contributions of Diverse Approaches. In: CONSALVO, M.; ESS, C. (Eds.). The Handbook of Internet Studies. Chicester: Wiley, 2010, p.59-82.
BARBROOK, R. Imaginary Futures. Londres: Pluto Press, 2007.
BEER, D. Social Network(ing) Sites. Revisiting the Story SoFar: A Response to Danah Boyd & Nicole Ellison. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 13(2), p.516-529, 2008.
BELL, D. An Introduction to Cybercultures. Nova York: Routledge, 2001.
BELL, D. Introduction: Approaching Cyberculture. In: BELL, D. (Ed.). Cybercultures. Critical Concepts in Media and Cultural Studies. v.I. Nova York: Routledge, 2006, p.1-10.
BELL, D. Cyberculture Theorists. Nova York: Routledge, 2007.
BELLER, J. The Cinematic Mode of Production. Lebanon, NH: Dartmouth College Press, 2006.
BEST, S.; KELLNER, D. The Postmodern Adventure. Nova York: Guilford, 2001.
BOLIN, G. Value and the Media. Cultural Production and Consumption in Digital Markets. Farnham: Ashgate, 2011.
BREEN, M. Digital Determinism: Culture Industries in the USA-Australia Free Trade Agreement. New Media & Society, 12(4), p.657-676, 2010.
BREEN, M. Uprising. The Internet’s Unintended Consequences. Champaign, IL: Common Ground, 2011.
BUTLER, J.; LACLAU, E.; ŽIŽEK, S. Contingency, Hegemony, Universality. Londres: Verso, 2000.
CALLINICOS, A. An Anti-Capitalist Manifesto. Cambridge, UK: Polity, 2003.
CAMPBELL, J. E.; CARLSON, M. Panopticon.com: Online Surveillance and the Commodification of Privacy. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 46 (4), p.586-606, 2002.
CAMPBELL, J. E. Virtually Home: The Commodification of Community in Cyberspace (dissertação). Filadélfia, PA: University of Pennsylvania, 1 jan. 2008.
CECEZ-KECMANOVIC, D. Basic Assumptions of the Critical Research Perspectives in Information Systems. In: Handbook of Critical Information Systems Research.
HOWCROFT, D.; TRAUTH, E. M. (Eds.). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2005, p.19-46.
CLEAVER, H. The Zapatistas and the Electronic Fabric of Struggle. In: HOLLOWAY, J.; PELÁEZ, E. (Eds.). Zapatista!. Londres: Pluto Press, 1998, p.81-103.
CRITICAL Art Ensemble. Electronic Civil Disobedience. Nova York: Autonomedia, 1996.
DAHLBERG, L. Net-Public Sphere Research: Beyond the “First Phase”. Javnost 11, 1, p.27-44, 2004.
DAHLGREN, P. The Internet, Public Spheres, and Political Communication. Political Communication, 22 (2), p.147-162, 2005.
DEAN, J. The Networked Empire: Communicative Capitalism and the Hope for Politics. In: PASSAVANT, P. A.; DEAN, J. (Eds.). Empire’s New Clothes. Reading Hardt and Negri. Nova York: Routledge, 2004, p.265-288.
DEAN, J. Communicative Capitalism: Circulation and the Foreclosure of Politics. Cultural Politics, 1(1), p.51-74, 2005.
DEAN, J. Žižek Politics. Nova York: Routledge, 2006.
DEAN, J. Democracy and Other Neoliberal Fantasies. Communicative Capitalism and Left Politics. Durham: Duke University Press, 2009.
DEAN, J. Blog Theory. Cambridge: Polity, 2010.
DYER-WITHEFORD, N. Cyber-Marx. Cycles and Circuits of Struggle in High-Technology Capitalism. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1999.
DYER-WITHEFORD, N.; DE PEUTER, G. Games of Empire: Global Capitalism and Video Games. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 2009.
ELMER, G. (Ed.). Critical Perspectives on the Internet. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2002.
ELMER, G.. Profiling Machines. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2004.
ESS, C. Introduction to Part I. In: CONSALVO, M.; ESS, C. The Handbook of Internet Studies. Chicester: Wiley, 2011, p.11-15.
FEENBERG, A. Transforming Technology: A Critical Theory Revisited. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.
FERNBACK, J. Community as Commodity. Empowerment and Consumerism on the Web. Internet Research Annual, 1, p.224-230, 2004.
FERNBACK, J.; PAPACHARISSI, Z. Online Privacy as Legal Safeguard: The Relationship among Consumer, Online Portal, and Privacy Policies. New Media & Society, 9(5), p.715-734, 2007.
FISHER, E. Contemporary Technology Discourse and the Legitimation of Capitalism. European Journal of Social Theory, 13(2), p.229-252, 2010a.
FISHER, E. Media and New Capitalism in the Digital Age. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010b.
FOSTER, J. B.; MAGDOFF, F. The Great Financial Crisis. Causes and Consequences. Nova York: Monthly Review Press, 2009.
FUCHS, C. Internet and Society. Social Theory in the Information Age. Nova York: Routledge, 2008.
FUCHS, C. A Contribution to the Critique of the Political Economy of Transitional Informational Capitalism. Rethinking Marxism, 21(3), p.387-402, 2009a.
FUCHS, C. Information and Communication Technologies and Society. A Contribution to the Critique of the Political Economy of the Internet. European Journal of Communication, 24(1), p.69-87, 2009b.
FUCHS, C. Grounding Critical Communication Studies: An Inquiry into the Communication Theory of Karl Marx. Journal of Communication Inquiry, 34(1), p.15-41, 2010a.
FUCHS, C. Labor in Informational Capitalism and on the Internet. The Information Society, 26(3), p.179-196, 2010b.
FUCHS, C. Foundations of Critical Media and Information Studies. Nova York: Routledge, 2011.
FUCHS, C.; WINSECK, D. Critical Media and Communication Studies Today. A Conversation. TripleC, 9(2), p.247-271, 2011.
GARNHAM, N. Capitalism and Communication. Londres: Sage, 1990.
GARNHAM, N. Political Economy and Cultural Studies: Reconciliation or Divorce? In: STOREY, J. (Ed.). Cultural Theory and Popular Culture. Harlow: Pearson, 1998, p.600-612.
GRAHAM, P. Hypercapitalism. Nova York: Peter Lang, 2006.
HABERMAS, J. The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1991.
HAKKEN, D. The Knowledge Landscapes of Cyberspace. Nova York: Routledge, 2003.
HARDT, M.; NEGRI, A. Empire. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2000.
HARDT, M.; NEGRI, A. Multitude. Nova York: Penguin, 2004.
HARDT, M.; NEGRI, A. Commonwealth. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 2009.
HARVEY, D. The Condition of Postmodernity. Oxford: Blackwell, 1990.
HARVEY, D. The New Imperialism. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.
HARVEY, D. A Brief History of Neoliberalism. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.
HARVEY, D. A Companion to Marx’s Capital. Londres: Verso, 2010.
HEIM, M. The Cyberspace Dialectic. In: LUNENFELD, P (Ed.). The Digital Dialectic. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1999, p. 24-45.
HORKHEIMER, M. Traditional and Critical Theory. Critical Theory, Nova York: Continuum, 2002 [1937], 188-252.
HORKHEIMER, M. Eclipse of Reason. Nova York: Continuum, 1974 [1947].
JACOBS, K.; JANSSEN, M.; PASQUINELLI, M. (Eds.). C’LICK ME. A Netporn Studies Reader. Amsterdã: Institute of Network Cultures, 2007.
JAKOBSSON, P.; STIERNSTEDT, F. Pirates of Silicon Valley. State of Exception and Dispossession in Web 2.0. First Monday, 15 (7), 2010.
JONES, S. Foreword. Dreams of a Field: Possible Trajectories of Internet Studies. In: SILVER, D.; MASSANARI, A. (Eds.). Critical Cyberculture Studies. Nova York: New York University Press, 2006, p.ix-xvii.
KAHN, R.; KELLNER, D. New Media and Internet Activism. New Media & Society, 6 (1), p.87-95, 2004.
KELLNER, D. Critical Theory, Marxism and Modernity. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1989.
KELLNER, D. Cultural Studies, Identity and Politics between the Modern and the Postmodern. Nova York: Routledge, 1995.
KELLNER, D. Theorizing Globalization. Sociological Theory, 20 (3), p.285-305, 2002.
KELLNER, D. Toward a Critical Media/Cultural Studies. In: HAMMER, R.; KELLNER, D. (Eds.). Media/Cultural Studies: Critical Approaches. Nova York: Peter Lang, 2009, p.5-24.
KIDD, D. Indymedia.org: A New Communication Commons. In: MCCAUGHEY, M.; AYERS, M. (Eds.). Cyberactivism. Nova York: Routledge, 2003.
KLINE, S.; DYER-WITHEFORD, N.; DE PEUTER, G. Digital Play: The Interaction of Technology, Culture and Marketing. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2003.
KNOCHE, M. Kommunikationswissenschaftliche Medienökonomie als Kritik der Politischen Ökonomie der Medien. In: AHRWEILER, P.; THOMAß, B. (Eds.). Internationale partizipatorische Kommunikationspolitik. Münster: LIT, 2005, p.101-109.
LAUER, J. Alienation in the Information Economy. Toward a Marxist Critique of Consumer Surveillance. In: CARPENTIER, N.; DE CLEEN, B. (Eds.). Participation and Media Production. Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars, 2008, p.41-56.
LOVINK, G. Von der spekulativen Medientheorie zur Netzkritik. Telepolis, 1o jan. 1997.
LOVINK, G. Dark Fiber. Tracking Critical Internet Culture. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2002.
LOVINK, G. Zero Comments. Blogging and Critical Internet Culture. Nova York: Routledge, 2008.
LOVINK, G.; NIEDERER, S. (Eds.). Video Vortex Reader. Responses to YouTube. Amsterdã: Institute of Network Cultures, 2008.
LOVINK, G.; ROSSITER, N. (Eds.). My Creativity Reader. A Critique of Creative Industries. Amsterdã: Institute of Network Cultures, 2007.
LOVINK, G.; SCHOLZ, T. (Eds.). The Art of Free Cooperation. Nova York: Autonomedia, 2005.
LOVINK, G.; SCHULTZ, P. Aufruf zur Netzkritik. In: Netzkritik. NETTIME (Ed.). Berlin: Edition ID-Archiv, 1997, p.5-14.
LOVINK, G.; ZEHLE, S. (Eds.). Incommunicado Reader. Amsterdã: Institute of Network Cultures, 2005.
LUNENFELD, P. Introduction: Screen Grabs: The Digital Dialectic and New Media Theory. In: The Digital Dialectic. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1999, p.xiv-xxi.
MACEK, S. Divergent Critical Approaches to New Media. New Media & Society, 8 (6), p.1031-1038, 2006.
MARCUSE, H. Reason and Revolution. Hegel and the Rise of Social Theory. Nova York: Humanity Books, 1941.
MARCUSE, H. One-Dimensional Man. Nova York: Routledge, 1964.
MARX, K. The Grundrisse. Londres: Penguin, 1857/1858.
MARX, K. Theories of Surplus Value. v.1. Londres: Lawrence & Wishart, 1863.
MARX, K. Capital: Critique of the Political Economy. v.1. Londres: Penguin, 1867.
MARX, K. The Civil War in France. In: Selected Works in one Volume. Londres: Lawrence & Wishart, 1871, p.237-295.
MARX, K. Critique of the Gotha Programme. In: Selected Works in one Volume. Londres: Lawrence & Wishart, 1875, p.297-317.
MARX, K. Capital. v.3. Londres: Penguin, 1894.
MARX, K.; ENGELS, F. The German Ideology. Amherst, NY: Prometheus, 1846.
MATHIESEN, T. Panopticon and Synopticon as Silencing Systems. In: Silently Silenced. Essays on the Creation of Acquiesence in Modern Society. Winchester: Waterside Press, 2004, p.98-102.
MEW. Marx-Engels-Werke. Berlin: Dietz, 1962.
MECW. Marx-Engels-Collected Works. Nova York: International Publishers, 1975.
MCCHESNEY, R. W. Communication Revolution. Nova York: New Press, 2007.
MOGLEN, E. The dotCommunist Manifesto. Disponível em: <http://emoglen.law.columbia. edu/my_pubs/dcm.html#tex2html2>. Acesso em: jan. 2003.
MOSCO, V. The Digital Sublime. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2004.
MOSCO, V. The Political Economy of Communication. 2.ed. Londres: Sage, 2009.
MURDOCK, G.; GOLDING, P. Culture, Communications and Political Economy. In: CURRAN, J.; GUREVITCH, M. (Eds.). Mass Media and Society, 4.ed. Nova York: Hodder Arnold, 2005, p.60-83.
NAKAMURA, L. Digitizing Race. Visual Cultures of the Internet. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 2008.
NAKAMURA, L. Don’t Hate the Player, Hate the Game. The Racialization of Labor in World of Warcraft. Critical Studies in Media Communication, 28 (2), p.128-144, 2009.
O’CONNOR, J. Natural Causes. Nova York: Guilford, 1998.
OLSSON, T. A Marginal Resource for Civic Identity. The Internet in Swedish Working Class Households. Javnost-The Public, 13 (1), p.73-88, 2006.
PAPARCHARISSI, Z. The Virtual Sphere. The Internet as a Public Sphere. New Media & Society, 4 (1), p.9-27, 2002.
PASSAVANT, P. A. Postmodern Republicanism. In: PASSAVANT, P. A.; DEAN, J. (Eds.). Empire’s New Clothes. Reading Hardt and Negri. Nova York: Routledge, 2004, p.1-20.
PATELIS, K. The Political Economy of the internet. In: CURRAN, J. (Ed.). Media Organisations in Society. Londres: Arnold, 2000, p.84-107.
POPPER, K. R. Zur Logik der Sozialwissenschaften. Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie, 14 (2), p.233-248, 1962.
ROSSITER, N. Organized Networks. Rotterdam: NAi, 2006.
SCHILLER, D. Digital Capitalism. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2000
SCHMIEDE, R. Knowledge, Work and Subject in Informational Capitalism. In: BERLEUR, J.; NURMINEN, M. I.; IMPAGLIAZZO, J. (Eds.). Social informatics: An Information Society For All?. Nova York: Springer, 2006, p.333-354.
SCHOLZ, T. Market Ideology and the Myths of Web 2.0. First Monday, 13 (3), 2008.
SILVER, D. Introduction: Where is Internet Studies. In: SILVER, D.; MASSANARI, A. (Ed.). Critical Cyberculture Studies. Nova York: New York University Press, 2006a, p.1-14.
SILVER, D. Looking Backwards, Looking Forwards: Cyberculture Studies 1990-2000. In: BELL, D. (Ed.). Cybercultures. Critical Concepts in Media and Cultural Studies. v.II. Nova York: Routledge, 2006b, p.61-79.
SILVER, D.; MASSANARI, A. (Eds.). Critical Cyberculture Studies. Nova York: New York University Press, 2006.
SMYTHE, D. W. Counterclockwise. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1994.
SÖDERBERG, J. Hacking Capitalism. Nova York: Routledge, 2008.
STAHL, B. C. Information Systems: Critical Perspectives. Nova York: Routledge, 2008.
STERNE, J. Thinking the Internet: Cultural Studies versus the Millennium. In: BELL, D. (Ed.). Cybercultures. Critical Concepts in Media and Cultural Studies. v.II. Nova York: Routledge, 2006, p.80-106.
TAYLOR, P. A. Critical Theory 2.0 and Im/materiality: The bug in the Machinic Flows. Interactions: Studies in Communication and Culture, 1 (1), p.93-110, 2009.
TERRANOVA, T. Network Culture. Londres: Pluto, 2004.
THERBORN, G. From Marxism to Post-Marxism? Londres: Verso, 2008.
TURNER, G. British Cultural Studies. Londres: Routledge, 2003.
VAN DIJCK, J. Users Like You? Theorizing Agency in User-Generated Content. Media, Culture & Society, 31 (1), p.41-58, 2009.
VAN DIJCK, J.; NIEBORG, D. Wikinomics and its Discontents: A Critical Analysis of Web 2.0 Business Manifestos. New Media & Society, 11 (5), p.855-874, 2009.
WEBSTER, F. Theories of the Information Society. New York: Routledge, 2002.
ŽIŽEK, S. Revolution at the Gates: Žižek on Lenin. Londres: Verso, 2004.
ŽIŽEK, S. In Defense of Lost Causes. Londres: Verso, 2008.
ŽIŽEK, S. First as Tragedy, Then as Farce. Londres: Verso, 2009.
ŽIŽEK, S. How to Begin from the Beginning. In: ŽIŽEK, S.; DOUZINAS, C. (Eds.). The Idea of Communism. Londres: Verso, 2010a, p.209-226.
ŽIŽEK, S. Living in the End Times. Londres: Verso, 2010b.
ŽIŽEK, S.; DOUZINAS, C. (Eds.). The Idea of Communism. Londres: Verso, 2010.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2016 Christian Fuchs