Keywords
Dialectics
Ecology
Marxism
Exposition
How to Cite
Abstract
This article presents the general lines in which a significant part of the Marxist reflections on nature has been carried out since the end of the 19th century. Focus is given, in particular, to the controversy regarding how dialectics should relate to nature – a subject that has been variously developed throughout the 20th century, leaving marks in the most recent considerations of Marxist ecology. It will be argued that this debate contemplated different conceptions of nature, despite being dominated by a restricted meaning of dialectics (which was primarily associated, in that context, with the form of cognition and with the object,
considered independently of, or in relation to, cognition). Finally, it is suggested that the debate could benefit from incorporating an alternative understanding of dialectics, inspired by Marxist literature that, from the 1960s onwards, focused
on the dimension of the mode of exposition of the analysis.
References
ADORNO, Theodor. Negative Dialektik. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1966.
ADORNO, Theodor. Die Idee der Naturgeschichte. In: Gesammelte Schriften. v.1, Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1990 [1932].
ADORNO, Theodor; HORKHEIMER, Max. Dialética do Esclarecimento – fragmentos filosóficos. Rio de Janeiro: Zahar, 1985 [1947].
ANDERSON, Kevin. Lenin, Hegel and Western Marxism: From the 1920s to 1953. Studies in Soviet Thought, 44 (2), sep., p.79-129, 1992.
ANDERSON, Perry. Considerations on Western Marxism. London/NewYork: Verso, 1979 [1976].
BACKHAUS, Hans-Georg. Materialien zur Rekonstruktion der Marxschen Wert-theorie, Teil IV. In: Dialektik der Wertform. Untersuchungen zur Marxschen Ökonomiekritik. Freiburg: Ça ira Verlag, 1997 [1978].
BBAW. Marx-Engels-Gesamtausgabe. Vierte Abteilung: Exzerpte, Notizen und Marginalien, 2021. Disponível em: http://mega.bbaw.de/struktur/abteilung_iv. Acesso em: 23 mar. 2021.
BEBEL, August. Die Darwinsche Theorie und der Sozialismus: Artikel in der “Neuen Zeit”. In: INSTERNATIONALES INSTITUT FÜR SOZIALGESCHICHTE (Ed.). Ausgewählte Reden und Schriften, v. 10, München: K. G. Saur, p.721-8, 1996 [1899].
BENJAMIN, Walter. Über sprache ü berhaupt und ü ber die sprache des menschen. In: Gesammelte Schriften, v.2, p.1. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, p.140-157, 1991a [1916].
BENJAMIN, Walter. Das Passagen Werk. In: Gesammelte Schriften, v. 5, p.1. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1991b [1927-40].
BENJAMIN, Walter. Über den Begriff der Geschichte. In: Gesammelte Schriften, v. 1, p.2. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, p.691-705, 1991c [1940].
BENSAÏD, Daniel. Marx For Our Times. London: Verso, 2002.
BENTON, Ted. Marxism and Natural Limits. New Left Review, 178, p.51-86, 1989.
BERNSTEIN, Eduard. Die Voraussetzungen des Sozialismus und die Aufgaben der Sozialdemokratie. Stuttgart: Dietz Nachf, 1902 [1899].
BLOCH, Ernst. Geist der Utopie. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1971 [1918].
BLOCH, Ernst. Das Materialismus-problem, seine Geschichte und Substanz. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1972 [1936-7, 1969-71].
BLOCH, Ernst. Das Prinzip Hoffnung. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1976 [1938-47, 1953-9].
BLOCH, Ernst. Subjekt-Objekt. Erläuterung zu Hegel. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1981[1949].
BLOCH, Ernst. Spuren. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp Taschenbuch Wissenschaft, 1985 [1910-29].
BUCK-MORS, Susan. The Origin of Negative Dialectics: Theodor W. Adorno, Walter Benjamin, and the Frankfurt Institute. New York/ London: The Free Press, 1977.
BURKETT, Paul; FOSTER, John Bellamy. Marx and the Earth: an Anti-Critique. Leiden/Boston: Brill, 2016.
BURNS, Tony; FRASER, Ian. Introduction: an historical survey of the Hegel-Marx connection. In: The Hegel-Marx Connection. London: Macmillan, p.1-33, 2000.
CLARK, Brett; FOSTER, John Bellamy; YORK, Richard. The Ecological Rift: Capitalism’s War on Earth. New York: Monthly Review Press, 2010.
COOK, Deborah. Adorno on Nature. London/ New York: Routledge, 2014 [2011].
ENGELS, Friedrich. Hernn Eugen Dü hring’s Umwälzung der Wissenschaft. In: INSTITUT DER MARXISMUS-LENINISMUS BEIM ZD DER SED. (Ed.), Karl Marx Friedrich Engels Werke. v. 20, Berlin: Dietz, p.16-303, 1975a [1877-8].
ENGELS, Friedrich. Vorworte zu den drei Auflage. In: INSTITUT DER MARXISMUS-LENINISMUS BEIM ZD DER SED. (Ed.), Karl Marx Friedrich Engels Werke. v. 20, Berlin: Dietz, p.5-15, 1975b [1885].
ENGELS, Friedrich. Dialética da natureza. São Paulo: Boitempo, 2020 [1873-86].
ELBE, Ingo. Neue Marx Lektü re. Information Philosophie, 2, p.26-35, 2012.
FOSTER, John Bellamy. Marx’s Ecology: Materialism and Nature. New York: Monthly Review Press, 2000.
FOSTER, John Bellamy. The Return to Engels. Monthly Review, 68 (10), p.1-7, 2017.
FOSTER, John Bellamy. On fire this time. Monthly Review, v. 71, n. 6, nov. 2019.
FOSTER, John Bellamy. The return of nature. Socialism and ecology. New York: Monthly Review Press, 2020.
FULDA, Hans Friedrich. Tese para a dialética como método de exposição (no “Capital” de Marx). Crítica Marxista, n.45, p.109-116, 2017 [1974].
Global Climate Strike. 7.6 million people demand action after week of Climate Strikes, 2019. Disponível em: https://globalclimatestrike.net/7-million-people-demandaction-after-week-of-climate-strikes/. Acesso em: 23 mar. 2021.
GORZ, André. Capitalisme, Socialisme, Écologie. Paris: Galilée, 1991.
GRAMSCI, Antonio. Cadernos do Cárcere, v.1: Introdução ao estudo da filosofia, A filosofia de Benedetto Croce. Rio de Janeiro: Civilização Brasileira, 1999 [1929-35].
HEINRICH, Michael. Die Wissenschaft vom Wert. Die Marxsche Kritik der Politische Ökonomie zwischen wissenschaftlicher Revolution und klassischer Tradition. Mü nster: Dampfboot Verlag, 1999 [1991].
IPCC. Global Warming of 1.5oC. Geneva: IPCC, 2018. Disponível em: https://report.ipcc.ch/sr15/pdf/sr15_spm_final.pdf. Acesso em: 31 mar. 2021.
IPCC. Summary for Policymakers. In: Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2021 Disponível em: https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Full_Report.pdf. Acesso em: 8 set. 2021.
JACOBY, Russel. Dialectic of Defeat: Contours of Western Marxism. Cambrige: Cambridge University Press, 1981.
JAURÉS, Jean. Introduction. In: Socialist Hystory of the French Revolution, 2010 [1901]. Disponível em: https://www.marxists.org/archive/jaures/1901/history/introduction.htm. Acesso em: 17 set. 2021.
JORAVSKY, David. Soviet Marxism and Natural Science, 1917-1932. London: Routledge, 2009 [1961].
KANGAL, Kaan. Friedrich Engels and the Dialectics of Nature. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 2020.
KAUTSKY, Karl. Die materialistische Geschichtsauffassung, v. 1: Natur und Gesellschaft. Berlin: Dietz Nachf., 1927.
KORSCH, Karl. The Present State of the Problem of ‘Marxism and Philosophy’ – an Anti-critique. In: Marxism and Philosophy. New York: Monthly Review, p.98-144, 2008 [1930].
LABRIOLA, Antonio. Discorrendo di socialismo e di filosofia. In: Scritti filosofici e politici. Editor, Franco Barbieri. Torino: Einaudi, sp, 1973. Disponível em: http://www.dominiopublico.gov.br/download/texto/lb000829.pdf. Acesso em: 3 dez. 2019.
LAFARGUE, Paul. The historical method of Karl Marx. Lafargue Internet Archive, 1907 [1903]. Disponível em: https://www.marxists.org/archive/lafargue/1903/xx/histmeth.htm. Acesso em: 17 set. 2021.
LEFEBVRE, Henri. Lógica formal, lógica dialética. Rio de Janeiro: Civilização Brasileira, 1969 [1947].
LEFEBVRE, Henri. Dialectical materialism. Minneapolis: First University of Minnesota Press, 2009 [1939].
LÊNIN, Vladimir I. Materialism and empiriocriticism. In: Collected Works, v. 14, p.17-388. Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1962 [1908].
LÊNIN, Vladimir I. On the question of dialectics. In. Collected Works, v.38, p.353-363, Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1976 [1925].
LÊNIN, Vladimir I. Cadernos filosóficos: Hegel. São Paulo: Boitempo, 2018 [1914-5].
LÖWY, Michael. Por um marxismo crítico. Lutas Sociais, 3, p.21-30, 1997.
LÖWY, Michael. O que é ecossialismo? São Paulo: Cortez, 2014.
LUEDY, Laura; VAN DER LAAN, Murillo. Dualismo cartesiano apocalíptico ou monismo social anti-ecológico? As disputas entre a escola da ruptura metabólica e a ecologiamundo. Crítica Marxista, n.50, p.151-170, 2020.
LUKÁCS, György. Geschichte und Klassenbewusstsein. In: Georg Lukács Werke. v. 2. Darmstand/Neuwied: Luchterhand, p.161-518, 1977 [1923].
LUKÁCS, György. Chvostismus und Dialektik. Áron: Budapest, 1996 [1925-6].
LUKÁCS, György. Para uma ontologia do ser social I. São Paulo: Boitempo, 2018 [1968].
LUXEMBURG, Rosa. Briefe aus Gefängnis. Berlin: Jugendinternationale, 1922.
MALM, Andreas. Fossil Capital: The Rise of Steam Power and the Roots of Global Warming. London; New York: Verso, 2016.
MARCUSE, Herbert. Contra-revolução e revolta. Rio de Janeiro: Zahar Editora, 1973 [1972].
MARCUSE, Herbert. Contributions to a Phenomenology of Historical Materialism. Telos, n.4, p.3-34, 1969 [1928].
MERCHANT, Carolyn. The Death of Nature. New York: Harper and Row, 1980.
MERQUIOR, José Guilherme. O marxismo ocidental. São Paulo: É Realizações, 2018 [1986].
MÉSZÁROS, István. Para além do capital: rumo a uma teoria da transição. São Paulo: Boitempo, 2002 [1995].
MÉSZÁROS, István. A teoria da alienação em Marx. São Paulo: Boitempo, 2006 [1970].
MOIR, Cat. Ernst Bloch’s speculative materialism: ontology, epistemology, politics. Leidon/Boston: Brill, 2019.
MOORE, Jason W. The end of the road? Agricultural revolutions in the capitalist worldecology, 1450-10), Journal of Agrarian Change, v. 10, n.3, p.389-413, 2010.
MOORE, Jason W. Transcending the metabolic rift: a theory of crisis in the capitalist world ecology. The Journal of Peasant Studies, v. 38, n.1, p.1-46, 2011.
MOORE, Jason W. Toward a singular metabolism: epistemic rifts and environment making in the capitalist word-ecology. New Geographies, 06 (Grounding Metabolism), p.10-9, 2014a.
MOORE, Jason W. The value of everything? Work, capital, and historical nature in the capitalist world-ecology. Review (Fernand Braudel Center), v. 37, n.3-4, World-ecological imaginations, p.245-92, 2014b.
MOORE, Jason W. The Capitalocene, Part I: on the nature and origins of our ecological crisis. The Journal of Peasant Studies, vol. 44, n. 3, p.594-630, 2017.
MOORE, Jason W. The Capitalocene, Part II: Accumulation by Appropriation and the Centrality of Unpaid Work/Energy. The Journal of Peasant Studies, v. 45, n.2, p.237-279, 2018.
MORRIS, William; BAX, Ernest B. Socialism From the Root Up. In: SALMON, Nicholas (Ed.). Political writings: contributions to Justice and Commonweal, 1883-1890. Bristol: Thoemmes, p.497-622, 1994 [1886-8].
MUSSE, Ricardo. A gênese do conceito de marxismo ocidental. Blog da Boitempo, 10 fev., sp., 2012. Disponível em: https://blogdaboitempo.com.br/2012/02/10/a-genesedo-conceito-de-marxismo-ocidental-coluna-de-estreia-de-ricardo-musse/. Acesso em: 15 abr. 2020.
MUSSE, Ricardo. Anti-Dühring na gênese do marxismo. Crítica Marxista, n.44, p.145-153, 2017.
NEARING, Scott. World Events. Monthly Review, 14 (7), p.389-94, 1962.
NETO, Pedro L. C. Crítica ao conceito de marxismo ocidental. Crítica marxista, n.38, p.9-28, 2014.
O’CONNOR, James. Natural Causes: Essays in Ecological Marxism. New York: Guilford, 1998.
PARSONS, Howard. (Ed.) Marx and Engels on Ecology. Westport: Greenwood, 1977.
PELLOWS, David; BREHM, Hollie Nyseth. From the new ecological paradigm to total liberation: the emergence of a social movement frame. Sociological Quarterly, 56, Omaha, p.185-212, 2015.
QUARTIM DE MORAES, João. O trabalho na dialética da natureza. Crítica Marxista, n.51, p.57-70, 2020.
REICHELT, Helmut. Zur logischen Struktur des Kapitalbegriffs bei Karl Marx. Freiburg: ça ira, 2001.
SAFATLE, Vladimir. Materialismo e dialéticas sem Aufhebung: Adorno, leitor de Marx; Marx, leitor de Hegel. Veritas, v. 62, n.1, p.226-256, jan.-abr. 2017.
SAITO, Kohei. Marx’s Ecological Notebooks. Monthly Review, 67 (9), p.25-42, 2016.
SAITO, Kohei. Karl Marx’s Ecosocialism. Capitalism, Nature, and the Unfinished Critique of Political Economy. New York: Monthly Review Press, 2017.
SARTRE, Jean-Paul. Critique de la raison dialectique (précédé de Question de Méthode), v. 1, Théorie des ensembles pratiques. Paris: Gallimard, 1978 [1960].
SCHMIDT, Alfred. Der Begriff der Natur in der Lehre von Marx. Hamburg: Europäische Verlagsanstalt, 1993 [1962, 1965].
SCHMIED-KOWARZIK, Wolfdietrich. Das dialektische Verhältnis des Menschen zur Natur. Freiburg/Mü nchen: Karl Alber/Herder, 2018 [1984].
SILVA, Romeu A. da. Tendências do marxismo: “ontologia do ser social” e anti-engelsismo. Revista HISTEDBR On-Line, v.16, n.69, 2017.
SWEEZY, Paul. Capitalism and the Environment. Monthly Review, 41 (2), 1989, p.86-93.
TANURO, Daniel. L’impossible capitalisme vert. Paris: La Découverte/Poche, 2012.
THEUNISSEN, Michael. Krise der Macht. In: Hegel-Jahrbuch. Köln: Pahl-Rugenstein Verlag, p.318-329, 1975.
TSURU, Shigeto. Towards a New Political Economy. Tokyo: Kodansha, 1976.
WALLACE, Rob.; LIEBMAN, Alex.; CHAVES, Luis Fernando; WALLACE, Rodrick. COVID-19 and Circuits of Capital. Monthly Review, 71 (12), sp., 2020. Disponível em: Monthly Review | COVID-19 and Circuits of Capital. Acesso em: 23 mar. 2021.
WISHART, Ryan; JONNA R. Jamil; Besek, Jordan. Metabolic Rift. A Selected Bibliography. Monthly Review Online, 2020. Disponível em: http://monthlyreview.org/commentary/metabolic-rift/#. Acesso em: 1 nov. 2020.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2022 Laura Luedy