Palavras-chave
Estado de exceção
Segurança interna
Abordagem estratégico-relacional
Agamben
Poulantzas
Como Citar
Resumo
Este artigo descreve e compara duas diferentes formas de compreender o antiterrorismo e a configuração do poder político em seu contexto. Contra o pano de fundo da segurança interna dos EUA, primeiro descreve a tese de Agamben sobre o Estado de exceção permanente. Apesar da sua ressonância nos aspectos-chave da segurança interna, esta tese é considerada analiticamente limitada e teoricamente frágil. Para superar suas deficiências e proporcionar uma melhor compreensão da organização contemporânea do poder político, sugere-se uma abordagem estratégico-relacional, derivada da teoria do Estado de Poulantzas.
Referências
ACKERMAN, B. Before the Next Attack. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006.
ACLU (Americal Civil Liberties Union). Indefinite Detention, Endless Worldwide War and the 2012. National Defense Authorisation Act, 22 fev. 2012.
AGAMBEN, G. Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1998.
AGAMBEN, G. State of Exception. Chicago: Chicago University Press, 2005. [Ed. bras.: Estado de exceção. São Paulo: Boitempo, 2004.]
AGAMBEN, G. Philosophical Archaeology. Law and Critique, 20, p.211-231, 1 out. 2009. doi:10.1007/s10978-009-9052-3.
AGAMBEN, G. The Kingdom and the Glory: For a Theological Genealogy of Economy and Government. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2011. [Ed. bras.: O reino e a glória: uma genealogia teológica da economia e do governo. São Paulo: Boitempo, 2011.]
BELANDIS, D. In Search of the Internal Enemy [em grego]. Atenas: Proskinio, 2004.
BENJAMIN, W. Critique of Violence. In: DEMETZ, P. (ed.). Reflections: Essays, Aphorisms, Autobiographical Writings. Nova York: Random House, 1986 [1921].
BOUKALAS, C. Government by Experts: Counterterrorism Intelligence and Democratic Retreat. Critical Studies on Terrorism, 5 (2), p.277-296, 2012a. doi:10.1080/17539153.2012.703809.
BOUKALAS, C. US Citizen Corps: Pastoral Citizenship and Authoritarian Statism. Situations, 4 (2), p.117-140, 2012b.
BOUKALAS, C. Homeland Security, Its Law and Its State: A Design of Power for the 21st Century. Abingdon: Routledge, 2014.
BRASSETT, V.; VAUGHAN-WILLIAMS, N. Crisis in Governance: Sub-Prime, the Traumatic Event and Bare Life. Centre for the Study of Globalisation and Regionalisation, University of Warwick (Working Papers n.268), 2010.
BRENNER, R. What Is Good for Goldman Sachs Is Good for America – The Origins of the Current Crisis. Prologue to the Spanish Translation of R. Brenner. Economic of Global Turbulence, Londres, Verso (2006), 2009.
BUCKEL, S. The Juridical Condensation of Relations of Forces: Nicos Poulantzas and Law. In: GALLAS, A.; BRETTHAUER, L.; KANNANKULAM, J.; STUTZLE, I. (eds.). Reading Poulantzas. Pontypool: Merlin Press, 2011.
BUNYAN, T. The Exceptional and the Draconian Become the Norm. Statewatch Report,1 abr. 2005.
CALLINICOS, A. The New Mandarins of American Power: The Bush Administration’s Plans for the World. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2003.
CASTORIADIS, C. The Greek Polis and the Creation of Democracy. In: CURTIS, D. A. (ed.). The Castoriadis Reader. Oxford: Blackwell, 1983.
COLATRELLA, S. Nothing Exceptional: Against Agamben. Journal for Critical Education Policy Studies, v.9, n.1, p.96-125, maio 2011.
DIKEN, B.; LAUSTEN, C. B. The Culture of Exception: Sociology Facing the Camp. Abingdon: Routledge, 2005.
DONOHUE, L. K. The Cost of Counterterrorism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.
ERICSON, R. V. Crime in an Insecure World. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2007.
FITZPATRICK, P. Bare Sovereignty: Homo Sacer and the Insistence of Law. In: NORRIS, A. (org.). Politics, Metaphysics and Death: Essays on Agamben’s Homo Sacer. Durham: Duke University Press, 2005.
GARLAND, D. The Culture of Control. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.
GROSS, O. Chaos and Rules: Should Responses to Violent Crises Always Be Constitutional? The Yale Law Journal, New Haven, v.112, n.5, p.1011-1134, 13 fev. 2003. doi: 10.2307/3657515.
HANDLER, J. F. Social Citizenship and Workfare in the United States and Western Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004.
HARDT, M.; NEGRI, A. Multitude: War and Democracy in the Age of Empire. Nova York: Penguin, 2004. [Ed. bras.: Multidão: Guerra e democracia na era do império. Rio de Janeiro: Record, 2005.]
HUYSMANS, J. The Jargon of Exception – On Schmitt, Agamben and the Absence of Political Society. International Political Sociology, Oxford, v.2, p.165-183, 2008. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-5687.2008.00042.x.
JESSOP, B. Nicos Poulantzas: Marxist Theory and Political Strategy. Londres: Macmillan, 1985.
JESSOP, B. State Theory. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1990.
JESSOP, B. The Future of the Capitalist State. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2002.
JESSOP, B. State Power: A Strategic-Relational Approach. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2008.
JESSOP, B. “Poulantzas’s State, Power, Socialism as a Modern Classic.” In: GALLAS, A.; BRETTHAUER, L.; KANNANKULAM, J.; STÜTZLE, I. (eds.). Reading Poulantzas. Pontypool: Merlin Press, 2011.
JOHNS, F. Guantanamo Bay and the Annihilation of the Exception. European Journal of International Law, Florença, 16 (4), p.613-635, 2005. doi: 10.1093/ejil/chi135.
KELIN, N. Fences and Windows. Londres: Harper Collins, 2002. [Ed. bras.: Cercas e janelas: Na linha de frente do debate sobre globalização. Rio de Janeiro: Record, 2003.]
KOCH, M. Poulantzas’s Class Analysis. In: GALLAS, A.; BRETTHAUER, L.; KANNANKULAM, J.; STÜTZLE, I. (eds.). Reading Poulantzas. Pontypool: Merlin Press, 2011.
KONDYLIS, P. Epilogue [em grego]. In: SCHMITT, C. (org.). Political Theology. Atenas: Leviathan, 1994.
LACLAU, E. Bare Life or Social Indeterminacy?. In: CALARCO, M.; DECAROLI, S. (eds.). Giorgio Agamben: Sovereignty and Life. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2007.
LIKOSKY, M. B. Compound Corporations: The Public Law Foundations of Lex Mercatoria. Non-State Actors and International Law, v.3, n.2, p.251-281, 2003. doi:10.1163/157180703322765094.
MATTELART, A. The Globalisation of Surveillance. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2010.
MICHAEL-MATSAS, S. Capitalist Decline, Nation State and State of Emergency. Critique: Journal of Socialist Theory, Glasgow, v.33, n.1, p.49-59, 2005.
MILLS, C. The Philosophy of Agamben. Stocksfield: Acumen, 2008.
MURRAY, A. Giorgio Agamben. Abingdon: Routledge, 2010.
NEAL, A. W. Exceptionalism and the Politics of Counter-Terrorism. Abingdon: Routledge, 2010.
NEGRI, A. Giorgio Agamben: The Discreet Taste of the Dialectic. In: CALARCO, M.; DECAROLI, S. (eds.). Giorgio Agamben: Sovereignty and Life. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2007.
NEOCLEOUS, M. The Fabrication of Social Order: A Critical Theory of Police Power. Londres: Pluto Press, 2000.
NEOCLEOUS, M. The Problem with Normality: Taking Exception to “Permanent Emergency”. Alternatives: Global, Local, Political, n.31, p.191-213, abr. 2006. doi:10.1177/030437540603100204.
NITZAN, J.; BICHLER, S. Capital as Power. Abingdon: Routledge, 2009.
NORRIS, A. The Exemplary Exception: Philosophical and Political Decisions in Giorgio Agamben’s Homo Sacer. In: NORRIS, A. (ed.). Politics, Metaphysics and Death: Essays on Agamben’s Homo Sacer. Durham: Duke University Press, 2005.
PANITCH, L. The New Imperial State. New Left Review, Londres, n.2, p.5-20, mar./abr. 2000.
PAPACHARALAMBOUS, C. God, the Sovereign and the Law: The Resurgence of Carl Schmitt [em grego]. In: SCHMITT, C. (org.). On the Three Kinds of Legal Thought. Atenas: Papazisis, 2009.
PAYE, J.-C. Global War on Liberty. Nova York: Telos, 2007.
POULANTZAS, N. Political Power and Social Classes. Londres: NLB, 1973. [Ed. bras.: Poder político e classes sociais. São Paulo: Martins Fontes, 1986.]
POULANTZAS, N. Fascism and Dictatorship. Londres: NLB, 1974. [Ed. bras.: Fascismo e ditadura. São Paulo: Martins Fontes, 1997.]
POULANTZAS, N. The Political Crisis and the Crisis of the State. In: MARTIN, J. (org.). The Poulantzas Reader. Londres: Verso (2008), 1976a.
POULANTZAS, N. The Crisis of the Dictatorships: Portugal, Greece, Spain. Londres: NLB, 1976b. [Ed. bras.: A crise das ditaduras: Portugal, Grécia, Espanha. São Paulo: Paz e Terra, 1976.]
POULANTZAS, N. State, Power, Socialism. Londres: NLB, 1978. [Ed. bras.: O Estado, o poder, o socialismo. São Paulo: Graal, 2009.]
RASCH, W. From Sovereign Ban to Banning Sovereignty. In: CALARCO, M.; DECAROLI, S. (eds.). Giorgio Agamben: Sovereignty and Life. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2007.
ROACH, K. The 9/11 Effect. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011.
SAMPLES, J. Lawless Policy – TARP as Congressional Failure. Policy Analysis, Washington, Cato Institute, n.660, 4 fev. 2010.
SCHEUERMAN, W. E. Economic Globalization and the Rule of Law. Constellations, Nova York, v.6, n.1, p.3-25, 1999. doi: 10.1111/1467-8675.00117.
SCHEUERMAN, W. E. The Economic State of Emergency. Cardozo Law Review, Nova York, v.21, n.5-6, 1890, maio 2000.
SCHEUERMAN, W. E. Reflexive Law and the Challenges of Globalization. Journal of Political Philosophy, Hoboken, v.9, n.1, p.81-102, 2001. doi: 10.1111/1467-9760.00119.
SCHEUERMAN, W. E. Rethinking Crisis Government. Constellations, Nova York, v.9, n.4, p.492-505, 2002. doi: 10.1111/1467-8675.00298.
SCHEUERMAN, W. E. Survey Article: Emergency Powers and the Rule of Law After 9/11. Journal of Political Philosophy, Hoboken, v.14, n.1, p.61-84, 2006. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9760.2006.00256.x.
SCHMITT, C. Political Theology: Four Chapters on the Concept of Sovereignty. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1985 [1922].
SCHMITT, C. The Crisis of Parliamentary Democracy. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1988 [1923].
SCHMITT, C. The Concept of the Political. Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1996 [1932]. [Ed. port.: O conceito do político. Lisboa: Edições 70, 2016.]
SCHMITT, C. Legality and Legitimacy. Durham: Duke University Press, 2004 [1932].
SCHMITT, C. Theory of the Partisan. Nova York: Telos, 2007 [1963].
SCHURMAN, F. Emergency Powers – The New Paradigm in Democratic America. New California Media, 23 dez. 2002.
SEYMOUR, D. The Purgatory of the Camp: Political Emancipation and the Emancipation of the Political. In: FROST, T. (ed.). Giorgio Agamben: Legal, Political and Philosophical Perspectives. Abingdon: Routledge, 2013.
SOMMERLAD, H. Some Reflections on the Relationship between Citizenship, Access to Justice and the Reform of Legal Aid. Journal of Law and Society, v.31, n.3, p.345-368, 2004. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-6478.2004.00294.x.
SOMMERLAD, H. Reflections on the Reconfiguration of Access to Justice. International Journal of the Legal Profession, v.13, n.3, p.179-193, nov. 2008. doi: 10.1080/09695950902804183.
TEUBNER, G. Global Bukowina: Legal Pluralism in the World Society. In: Global Law Without a State. Aldershot: Dartmouth, 1997.
TREVERTON, G. Intelligence for an Age of Terror. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011.
VAUGHAN-WILLIAMS, N. The Generalised Bio-Political Border? Re-Conceptualising the Limits of Sovereign Power. Review of International Studies, Cambridge, v.35, n.4, p.729-749, out. 2009. doi: 10.1017/S0260210509990155.
WHYTE, D. The Neoliberal State of Exception in Occupied Iraq. In: CHAMBLISS, W. J.; MICHALOWSKI, R.; KRAMER, R. C. (eds.). State Crime in the Global Age. Portland: Willan, 2010.
WHYTE, J. The New Normal. Signature, mar. 2005.
Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2018 Christos Boukalas